{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1782515287950,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. This study assessed predictors of the onset of natural menopause in African American women. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used mailed questionnaires to collect data at baseline in 1995 and during follow-up from Black Women\u2019s Health Study participants. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess potential predictors\u2014including experiences of racism\u2014of the onset of natural menopause among 17 070 women aged 35 to 55 years and premenopausal in 1995. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. The hazard ratio (HR) was 1.43 for current smokers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.66) and 1.21 (95% CI = 1.06, 1.38) for ex-smokers and significantly less for obese women and oral contraceptive users. Hazard ratios for most questions about racism were elevated by 10% to 30% but were not statistically significant. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions.Earlier onset of natural menopause among African American women is strongly associated with smoking and inversely associated with body mass index and oral contraceptive use. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.2.299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T00:04:35Z","timestamp":1228176275000},"page":"299-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Onset of Natural Menopause in African American Women"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Julie R.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julie R. Palmer, Lynn Rosenberg, and Lauren A. 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