{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:59:31Z","timestamp":1777514371731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Bioterrorism preparedness programs have contributed to death, illness, and waste of public health resources without evidence of benefit. Several deaths and many serious illnesses have resulted from the smallpox vaccination program; yet there is no clear evidence that a threat of smallpox exposure ever existed. The anthrax spores released in 2001 have been linked to secret US military laboratories\u2014the resultant illnesses and deaths might not have occurred if those laboratories were not in operation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> The present expansion of bioterrorism preparedness programs will continue to squander health resources, increase the dangers of accidental or purposeful release of dangerous pathogens, and further undermine efforts to enforce international treaties to ban biological and chemical weapons. The public health community should acknowledge the substantial harm that bioterrorism preparedness has already caused and develop mechanisms to increase our public health resources and to allocate them to address the world\u2019s real health needs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.10.1667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1228183104000},"page":"1667-1671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Pitfalls of Bioterrorism Preparedness: the Anthrax and Smallpox Experiences"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Hillel W.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillel W. Cohen is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Robert M. Gould is with the Department of Pathology, Kaiser Hospital, San Jose, Calif. Victor W. Sidel is with the Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillel W. Cohen is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Robert M. Gould is with the Department of Pathology, Kaiser Hospital, San Jose, Calif. Victor W. Sidel is with the Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor W.","family":"Sidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillel W. Cohen is with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Robert M. Gould is with the Department of Pathology, Kaiser Hospital, San Jose, Calif. Victor W. Sidel is with the Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.11.1629"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.4.326"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.5.403"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax\u2014Connecticut, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:1049\u20131051."},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Regaldo A, Fields G, Schoofs M. FBI makes military labs key focus on anthrax. Wall Street Journal. February 12, 2002:A4."},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Broad WJ, Johnston D, Miller J. Subject of anthrax inquiry tied to anti-germ training. New York Times. July 2, 2003:A1."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.5.716"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Tucker JB. Bioterrorism is the least of our worries. New York Times. October 16, 1999:A19."},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Miller J, Engelberg S, Broad WJ. US germ warfare research pushes treaty limits. New York Times. September 4, 2001:A1."},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Gorner P. US war on anthrax has its risks: rush to stock new vaccine has scientists wary. Chicago Tribune. March 28, 2004:14."},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Bush\u2019s comments on his plan for smallpox vaccinations across the US New York Times. December 14, 2002:A12."},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Linzer D. No trace found of reputed smallpox in Iraq. Miami Herald. September 19, 2003:A1."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200303000-00002"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination\u2014United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;53:106\u2013107."},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Smith S. Anthrax vs. the flu. Boston Globe. July 29, 2003:C4."},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eserink M. New biodefense splurge creates hotbeds, shatters dreams. Science. 2003;302:206\u2013207.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.302.5643.206a"},{"key":"R27","unstructured":"Miller J. New biolabs stir debate over secrecy and safety. New York Times. February 10, 2004:F1."},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Weiss R, Snyder D. 2nd leak of anthrax found at army lab. Washington Post. April 24, 2002:B1."},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Williamson E. Ft. Detrick unearths hazardous surprises. Washington Post. May 27, 2003:B1."},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Sidel VW, Gould RM, Cohen HW. Bioterrorism preparedness: cooptation of public health? Med Global Survival. 2002;7:82\u201389."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2968\/059005009"},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"Sidel VW, Levy B. Security and public health. In: Gould RM, Sutton P, eds. Global Threats to Security: Social Justice. 2002;29(3):108\u2013119."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T22:06:32Z","timestamp":1652133992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.94.10.1667","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}