{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T19:41:19Z","timestamp":1715888479452},"reference-count":3,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this article, I describe the complex nature of the final phases of the Indian smallpox eradication program. I examine the unfolding of policies at different levels of administration and the roles played by a wide range of national and international actors. A careful examination of unpublished official correspondence, on which this article is largely based, shows that the program\u2019s managers were divided and that this division determined the timing of the achievement of eradication. This material also reveals that Indian health workers and bureaucrats were far more capable of reshaping policies in specific localities, often in response to local infrastructural and political concerns, than has been acknowledged in the historiography. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.11.1875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1228183104000},"page":"1875-1883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Uncertain Advances"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Sanjoy","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The author is with the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, England."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The result is the presentation of huge generalizations about the structures and goals of WHO and the smallpox eradication bureaucracy it helped set up. See, for instance, footnote 21 in H. Naraindas, \u201cCare, Welfare, and Treason: The Advent of Vaccination in the 19th Century,\u201d Contributions to Indian Sociology (new series) 32 (1998): 94.","DOI":"10.1177\/006996679803200104"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"See, for instance, circular letter from deputy secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Planning, Government of India [hereafter GOI], to public health departments of all state governments, January 3, 1962, reproduced in National Smallpox Eradication Programme in India, 20\u201323."},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00035-6"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T22:09:15Z","timestamp":1652134155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1875"}},"subtitle":["A Review of the Final Phases of the Smallpox Eradication Program in India, 1960\u20131980"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":3,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.94.11.1875","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}}}