{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:32:27Z","timestamp":1790069547033,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Public Health Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objectives. This cross-sectional, community-based, epidemiological study characterized Somali and Ethiopian (Oromo) refugees in Minnesota to determine torture prevalence and associated problems. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Methods. A comprehensive questionnaire was developed, then administered by trained ethnic interviewers to a nonprobability sample of 1134. Measures assessed torture techniques; traumatic events; and social, physical, and psychological problems, including posttraumatic stress symptoms. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results. Torture prevalence ranged from 25% to 69% by ethnicity and gender, higher than usually reported. Unexpectedly, women were tortured as often as men. Torture survivors had more health problems, including posttraumatic stress. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. This study highlights the need to recognize torture in African refugees, especially women, identify indicators of posttraumatic stress in torture survivors, and provide additional resources to care for tortured refugees. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.4.591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1228183104000},"page":"591-598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Somali and Oromo Refugees: Correlates of Torture and Trauma History"],"prefix":"10.2105","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Jaranson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Butcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Halcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Robert","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Savik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marline","family":"Spring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Westermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At the time of the study, James M. Jaranson was with the HealthPartners Division of Behavioral Health and the departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. James Butcher was with the Psychology Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson and Joseph Westermeyer are with the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota. David Robert Johnson is also with the Center for Victims of Torture, Minneapolis...."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"844","reference":[{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.6.726"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199112000-00003"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159503200301"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.12.1567"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199702000-00006"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(89)72315-X"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700010382"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.29843"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024710902534"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.5.555"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03218-9"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199302000-00007"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490070106"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.134.4.407"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510050047025"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.5.443"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.475"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.12.2013"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200108000-00003"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199801000-00005"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.11.1561"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.76"},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"Thonneau P, Gratton J, Desrosiers G. Health profile of applicants for refugee status (admitted into Quebec between August 1985 and April 1986). Can J Public Health. 1990;81:182\u2013186."},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90060-H"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1548"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180089012"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.3.4.581"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199805000-00004"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.5.611"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2164-4918.1978.tb05290.x"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002187018002001"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.2.197"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.10.1276"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003"},{"key":"R57","unstructured":"Sartorius N. Making of a common language for psychiatry: development of the classification of mental, behavioral and developmental disorders in the 10th revision of the ICD. WPA Bull. 1989;1(1):3\u20136."},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01380008"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159703400301"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00049469"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800824"},{"key":"R64","unstructured":"Frank O, Snijders T. Estimating the size of hidden populations using snowball sampling. J Official Statistics. 1994;10(1):53\u201367."},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000100925.24561.8f"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00905.x"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.2.158"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.424"},{"key":"R72","unstructured":"Montgomery E, Foldspang A. Criterion-related validity of screening for exposure to torture. Dan Med Bull. 1994;41:500\u2013591."},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2545323"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159503200302"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T22:00:16Z","timestamp":1652133616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.94.4.591","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-0036","1541-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-0036","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}