{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:54:45Z","timestamp":1790420085382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) is a risk during the operative anterior approach to the hip joint. Although several anatomical studies have described the proximal course of the nerve in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the inguinal ligament, the distal course of the LFCN in the proximal aspect of the thigh has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this cadaveric study was to examine the branching pattern of the nerve, with special consideration to the anterior approach to the hip joint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight cadaveric hemipelves from 18 donors (10 paired and 8 unpaired specimens) were dissected. The LFCN branches were localized proximal to the inguinal ligament and traced distally into the area of the proximal aspect of the thigh. Distribution patterns of the nerve with respect to its relationship to the ASIS and the internervous plane of the anterior approach to the hip joint were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found 3 different branching patterns of the LFCN: sartorius-type (in 36% of the specimens), characterized by a dominant anterior nerve branch coursing along the lateral border of the sartorius muscle with no, or only a thin, posterior branch; posterior-type (in 32%), characterized by a strong posterior nerve branch; and fan-type (in 32%), characterized by multiple spreading nerve branches of equal thickness. In 50% of the specimens, the LFCN divided into \u22652 branches superior to the inguinal ligament. Sixty-two percent of the LFCN branches entered the proximal aspect of the thigh medial to the ASIS; 27%, above; and 11%, lateral to the ASIS. The LFCN consistently coursed within the deep layer of the subcutaneous fat tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injury to branches of the LFCN cannot be avoided in approximately one-third of surgical dissections that use the anterior approach to the hip joint. To protect the anterior branch of the LFCN, the skin incision should be as lateral as possible. The posterior branch of the LFCN is most vulnerable in the proximal aspect of the anterior approach to the hip joint, where it can be expected to course within the deep layer of the subcutaneous tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.15.01022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]],"date-time":"2016-04-06T15:47:55Z","timestamp":1459957675000},"page":"561-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["The Anatomical Course of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve with Special Attention to the Anterior Approach to the Hip Joint"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Rudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Manestar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Zurich Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Zurich Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Grob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000136651.21191.9f","article-title":"Mini-incision anterior approach does not increase dislocation rate: a study of 1037 total hip replacements","volume":"426","author":"Siguier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib2-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194309.70518.cb","article-title":"Single-incision anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty on an orthopaedic table","volume":"441","author":"Matta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-008-1387-1","article-title":"[Treatment of FAI via a minimally invasive ventral approach with arthroscopic assistance. Technique and midterm results]","volume":"38","author":"Laude","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthopade."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib4-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01736","article-title":"Revision total hip arthroplasty performed through the Hueter interval","volume":"93","author":"Mast","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"bib5-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198401000-00009","article-title":"Innominate osteotomy in the management of residual congenital subluxation of the hip in young adults","volume":"182","author":"Salter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib6-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196547010-00004","article-title":"Pericapsular osteotomy of the ilium for treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip","volume":"47","author":"Pemberton","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"bib7-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200401000-00002","article-title":"A new periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasias: technique and preliminary results. 1988","volume":"418","author":"Ganz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B10.16538","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the extended iliofemoral approach in the treatment of complex fractures of the acetabulum","volume":"87","author":"Griffin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib9-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00326","article-title":"Combined hip arthroscopy and limited open osteochondroplasty for anterior femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"92","author":"Clohisy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"bib10-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199310000-00042","article-title":"Indications and results of vascularized pedicle iliac bone graft in avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"295","author":"Iwata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib11-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199704000-00015","article-title":"Hip fusion through an anterior approach with the use of a ventral plate","volume":"337","author":"Matta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20100526-05","article-title":"Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve impairment after direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty","volume":"33","author":"Bhargava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthopedics."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib13-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1406-5","article-title":"Incidence of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropraxia after anterior approach hip arthroplasty","volume":"468","author":"Goulding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2010.537804","article-title":"Soft tissue damage after minimally invasive THA","volume":"81","author":"van Oldenrijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2010.02.002","article-title":"Prospective randomized study of 2 surgical approaches for total hip arthroplasty","volume":"25","author":"Restrepo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"bib16-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200300004-00005","article-title":"Total hip arthroplasty through a minimally invasive anterior surgical approach","volume":"85","author":"Kennon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"bib17-20230714","article-title":"Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury with the direct anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty","author":"Homma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Orthop."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib19-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199903000-00009","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and the consequences for surgery","volume":"13","author":"de Ridder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199709000-00008","article-title":"Anatomical course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its susceptibility to compression and injury","volume":"100","author":"Aszmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib21-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21043","article-title":"Variations in the course and microanatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and its clinical importance","volume":"23","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib22-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1858-2","article-title":"Relationships of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to bony landmarks","volume":"469","author":"\u00dczel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib23-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000164526.08610.97","article-title":"Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: an anatomic study","volume":"437","author":"Grothaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01637599","article-title":"An anatomic study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve","volume":"19","author":"S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25-20230714","first-page":"143","article-title":"Anatomic variations in the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with respect to pediatric hip surgery","volume":"36","author":"Bjurlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib26-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.11.020","article-title":"Anatomical variation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"64","author":"Dimitropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib31-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-008-0433-3","article-title":"Anatomical study of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with special reference to minimally invasive anterior approach for total hip replacement","volume":"31","author":"Ropars","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib33-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-194931010-00003","article-title":"Approach to and exposure of the hip joint for mold arthroplasty","volume":"31","author":"Smith-Petersen","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34-20230714","first-page":"173","article-title":"Technique and results with the acrylic femoral head prosthesis","volume":"34","author":"Judet","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib35-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.32B2.166","article-title":"The use of an artificial femoral head for arthroplasty of the hip joint","volume":"32","author":"Judet","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00551","article-title":"Distal extension of the direct anterior approach to the hip poses risk to neurovascular structures: an anatomical study","volume":"97","author":"Grob","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e318261c8b6","article-title":"The sensory territory of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh as determined by anatomic dissections and ultrasound-guided blocks","volume":"37","author":"Corujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib38-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2806-0","article-title":"Skin crease \u2018bikini\u2019 incision for anterior approach total hip arthroplasty: surgical technique and preliminary results","volume":"471","author":"Leunig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib39-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200412002-00013","article-title":"Anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty: beyond the minimally invasive technique","volume":"86","author":"Kennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib40-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.51.6.363","article-title":"Neurolysis for meralgia paresthetica","volume":"51","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41-20230714","first-page":"39","article-title":"Ultrasound guided femoral nerve block and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block for postoperative pain control after primary hip arthroplasty: a retrospective study","volume":"65","author":"Vandebroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Belg."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib44-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198708000-00015","article-title":"Anatomy of the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk and lower extremity","volume":"80","author":"Markman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570212","article-title":"Regional distribution and behavior of the subcutaneous tissue concerning selection and indication for liposuction","volume":"13","author":"Avelar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib46-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-006-0142-8","article-title":"The membranous layer of superficial fascia: evidence for its widespread distribution in the body","volume":"28","author":"Abu-Hijleh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib47-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00016","article-title":"The anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, with special reference to the harvesting of iliac bone graft","volume":"82","author":"Murata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib48-20230714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-010-0054-y","article-title":"The anatomical variation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine and the iliac crest","volume":"94","author":"Kosiyatrakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00004623-201604060-00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:30:13Z","timestamp":1787751013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00004623-201604060-00005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.15.01022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]}}}