{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1792000381014,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged use of opioids initiated for surgical or trauma-related pain management has become a global problem. While several factors have been reported to increase the risk of prolonged opioid use, there is considerable inconsistency regarding their significance or effect size. Therefore, we aimed to pool the effects of risk factors for prolonged opioid use following trauma or surgery and to assess the rate and temporal trend of prolonged opioid use in different settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) Reviews - Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to August 28, 2017, without language restriction. Observational studies reporting risk factors for, or the rate of, prolonged opioid use among adult patients following surgery or trauma with a minimum of 1 month of follow-up were included. Study and patient characteristics, risk factors, and the rate of prolonged opioid use were synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven studies with 1,969,953 patients were included; 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3% to 8.2%) of patients continued opioid use after trauma or surgery. Prior opioid use (number needed to harm [NNH] = 3, odds ratio [OR] = 11.04 [95% CI = 9.39 to 12.97]), history of back pain (NNH = 23, OR = 2.10 [95% CI = 2.00 to 2.20]), longer hospital stay (NNH = 25, OR = 2.03 [95% CI = 1.03 to 4.02]), and depression (NNH = 40, OR = 1.62 [95% CI = 1.49 to 1.77]) showed some of the largest effects on prolonged opioid use (p &lt; 0.001 for all but hospital stay [p = 0.042]). The rate of prolonged opioid use was higher in trauma (16.3% [95% CI = 13.6% to 22.5%]; p &lt; 0.001) and in the Workers\u2019 Compensation setting (24.6% [95% CI = 2.0% to 84.5%]; p = 0.003) than in other subject enrollment settings. The temporal trend was not significant for studies performed in the U.S. (p = 0.07) while a significant temporal trend was observed for studies performed outside of the U.S. (p = 0.014).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis reporting the pooled effect of risk factors that place patients at an increased chance for prolonged opioid use. Understanding the pooled effect of risk factors and their respective NNH values can aid patients and physicians in developing effective and individualized pain-management strategies with a lower risk of prolonged opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prognostic\n                      <jats:underline>Level III<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.17.01239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T18:55:19Z","timestamp":1533149719000},"page":"1332-1340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Risk Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Mohamadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy J.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leni & Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1607-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayson","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arden M.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8217-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward K.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"von Keudell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ara","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies (A.M., C.L.W., A.M.M., E.K.R., A.v.K., and A.N.) and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (A.M., E.K.R., and A.v.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 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