{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:44:49Z","timestamp":1787755489447,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2016, over half of the states in the United States have passed mandatory limits on opioid prescriptions, with limited evidence of effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated postoperative opioid prescriptions following orthopaedic surgery before and after the implementation of one of the earliest such laws.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the implementation of state legislation limiting opioid prescriptions for opioid-na\u00efve patients, 2 patient cohorts (pre-law and post-law) were compared. Both opioid-tolerant and opioid-na\u00efve patients undergoing 6 common orthopaedic procedures (total knee arthroplasty, rotator cuff repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, open reduction and internal fixation for a distal radial fracture, open reduction and internal fixation for an ankle fracture, and lumbar discectomy) met inclusion criteria. Patients undergoing &gt;1 primary procedure in the same operative session were excluded. All benzodiazepine and opioid prescriptions from 30 days before to 90 days after the surgical procedure were recorded. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for prolonged postoperative opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, 836 pre-law patients were compared with 940 post-law patients. The 2 groups were similar with regard to demographic variables, baseline opioid tolerance, and recent benzodiazepine use (all p &gt; 0.05). Post-law, for all patients, there were decreases in the initial prescription pill quantity (49.65 pills pre-law and 22.08 pills post-law; p &lt; 0.001) and the total morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) (417.67 MMEs pre-law and 173.86 MMEs post-law; p &lt; 0.001), regardless of patient preoperative opioid exposure (all p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, there were decreases in the mean cumulative 30-day MMEs (790.01 MMEs pre-law and 524.61 MMEs post-law; p &lt; 0.001) and the 30 to 90-day MMEs (243.51 MMEs pre-law and 208.54 MMEs post-law; p = 0.008). Despite being specifically exempted from the legislation, opioid-tolerant patients likewise experienced a significant decrease in cumulative 30-day MMEs (1,304.08 MMEs pre-law and 1,015.19 MMEs post-law; p = 0.0016). Opioid-tolerant patients required more postoperative opioids at all time points and had an increased likelihood of prolonged opioid use compared with those who were opioid-na\u00efve preoperatively (odds ratio, 8.73 [95% confidence interval, 6.21 to 12.29]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clinically important and significant reduction in opioid utilization after orthopaedic surgery was observed following the implementation of statewide mandatory opioid prescription limits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After implementation of mandatory opioid prescription regulations, a clinically important and significant decline in the volume of opioids dispensed in the short term and intermediate term following orthopaedic surgery was observed. Furthermore, important clinical predictors of prolonged postoperative opioid use, including preoperative opioid use and preoperative benzodiazepine use, were identified. These findings have important implications for public health, as well as the potential to influence policymakers and to change practice among orthopaedic surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.18.00943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T07:28:43Z","timestamp":1557991723000},"page":"e43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Mandatory Prescription Limits and Opioid Utilization Following Orthopaedic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6094-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.C.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0883-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalpit N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack H.","family":"Ruddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Akelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan H.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics (D.B.C.R., K.N.S., E.A., and A.H.D.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (B.H.S. and J.H.R.), Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bib2-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1714529","article-title":"The public and the opioid-abuse epidemic","volume":"378","author":"Blendon","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib3-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.401","article-title":"Characteristics of opioid prescriptions in 2009","volume":"305","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001046","article-title":"Opioid prescribing practices by orthopaedic trauma surgeons after isolated femur fractures","volume":"32","author":"Attum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib7-20230810","first-page":"31134","article-title":"Effect of narcotic prescription limiting legislation on opioid utilization following lumbar spine surgery","volume":"S1529-9430","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12809","article-title":"Sources of prescription opioid pain relievers by frequency of past-year nonmedical use United States, 2008-2011","volume":"174","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.01.052","article-title":"Narcotics and knee arthroscopy: trends in use and factors associated with prolonged use and postoperative complications","volume":"34","author":"Steiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthroscopy."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib11-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.03.068","article-title":"Patient factors associated with prolonged postoperative opioid use after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"33","author":"Namba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib12-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.03.014","article-title":"Opioid use after total knee arthroplasty: trends and risk factors for prolonged use","volume":"32","author":"Bedard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"13","key":"bib13-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517719226","article-title":"Opioid demand before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"45","author":"Anthony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"bib14-20230810","first-page":"30225","article-title":"Opioid exposure is associated with nonunion risk in a traumatically injured population: an inception cohort 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continued use following spine surgery","volume":"100","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18-20230810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.018","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative opioid use after elective shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"27","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint 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