{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:30:38Z","timestamp":1793658638518,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amikacin, meropenem, minocycline, and fosfomycin have potential clinical utility for orthopaedic infections; however, their suitability for use in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was (1) to quantify the thermal stability of these antibiotics at clinically relevant temperatures and (2) to determine the elution pharmacodynamics of these alternative antibiotics in vitro from PMMA beads of different sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polymerization temperatures of 10-mm PMMA beads were measured over time to generate a simulated heating curve. Aqueous solutions of tobramycin, amikacin, meropenem, minocycline, and fosfomycin were subjected to the temperature curves, followed by incubation at 37\u00b0C. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of each antibiotic were evaluated against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . High-dose 4.5-mm, 6-mm, and 10-mm antibiotic-laden PMMA beads (10% antibiotic by weight) were submerged individually in a phosphate-buffered saline solution and incubated at 37\u00b0C. Antibiotic elution was determined with use of high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobramycin, amikacin, and fosfomycin demonstrated thermal stability and maintained antimicrobial activity for 28 days. Minocycline and meropenem lost antimicrobial activity against all 3 organisms after 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. Elution concentrations, rates, and cumulative drug mass for tobramycin, amikacin, and meropenem were orders of magnitude higher than minocycline and fosfomycin at each time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified notable differences in thermal stability and elution among antibiotics used to treat infections. Amikacin exhibited activity similarly to tobramycin. Meropenem demonstrated favorable elution kinetics and thermal stability in the initial 7-day period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amikacin and meropenem show pharmacologic promise as potential acceptable alternatives for local delivery in PMMA for treatment of orthopaedic infections. Further work to establish clinical relevance and utility is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.20.00011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T03:12:59Z","timestamp":1618629179000},"page":"1694-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Thermal Stability and in Vitro Elution Kinetics of Alternative Antibiotics in Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Bone Cement"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Levack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"},{"name":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Turajane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy O.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto V.","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias P.","family":"Bostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2772-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Wellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Service (A.E.L. and D.S.W.), Musculoskeletal Integrity Program (K.T., X.Y, A.V.C., and M.P.B.), Infectious Diseases (A.O.M.), and Adult Reconstruction (A.V.C. and M.P.B.), Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"},{"name":"Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"bib1-20250430","first-page":"511","article-title":"[Depot effects of various antibiotics mixed with Palacos resins]","volume":"41","author":"Buchholz","year":"1970","journal-title":"Chirurg."},{"key":"bib2-20250430","first-page":"23","article-title":"The treatment of infected nonunions with gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic beads","volume":"295","author":"Calhoun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317268978","article-title":"Infection of orthopedic implants and the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cements. 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