{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:47:56Z","timestamp":1787755676545,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Partial avulsions of the short and\/or long head of the distal biceps tendon cause pain and loss of strength. The goal of the present study was to quantify the loss of supination and flexion strength following a series of surgical releases designed to simulate partial and complete short and long head traumatic avulsions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mechanical testing was performed to measure supination moment arms and flexion force efficiency on 18 adult fresh-frozen specimens in pronation, neutral, and supination. The distal biceps footprint length was divided into 4 equal segments. In 9 specimens (the distal-first group), the tendon was partially cut starting distally by releasing 25%, 50%, and 75% of the insertion site. In the other 9 specimens (the proximal-first group), the releases started proximally. Mechanical testing was performed before and after each release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant decreases in the supination moment arm occurred after a 75% release in the distal-first release group; the decrease was 24% in pronation (p = 0.003) and 10% in neutral (p = 0.043). No significant differences in the supination moment arm (p \u2265 0.079) or in flexion force efficiency (p \u2265 0.058) occurred in the proximal-first group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A simulated complete short head avulsion significantly decreased the supination moment arm and therefore supination strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mechanical case can be made for repair of partial distal biceps tendon avulsions when the rupture involves \u226575% of the distal insertion site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.20.00445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T23:02:48Z","timestamp":1611615768000},"page":"812-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Partial Distal Biceps Avulsion Results in a Significant Loss of Supination Force"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Tomizuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Shoulder and Elbow Mechanical Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, 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Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder and Elbow Mechanical Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Delserro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder and Elbow Mechanical Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6281-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linsey H.","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder and Elbow Mechanical Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Smolinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoulder and Elbow Mechanical Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 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