{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:47:44Z","timestamp":1787755664760,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patellar instability among adolescents has an incidence of 29 to 43 per 100,000 per year. Trochlear dysplasia has been found in up to 85% of those with recurrent patellar instability. The prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in the general population has not yet been defined. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of trochlear dysplasia as defined by ultrasound in a skeletally mature population and to characterize associations of trochlear dysplasia with a history of patellofemoral instability or pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skeletally mature adolescents and parents of patients (\u226450 years of age) who had presented to orthopaedic clinics were prospectively enrolled from 2019 to 2020. Those presenting with knee pain, open physes, prior intra-articular fracture, total knee arthroplasty, and syndromic ligamentous laxity or neuromuscular disease were excluded. Information regarding a history of anterior knee pain, patellar instability, and\/or surgery was obtained, and an abbreviated Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) was collected. An AKPS score of \u22654 was considered positive. Bilateral ultrasound of the knee was performed, and the osseous sulcus angle of the trochlea and the trochlear depth were measured. Basic descriptive statistics are reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and two patients (203 knees) were studied. The mean sulcus angle was 144.1\u00b0 \u00b1 6.8\u00b0, and the mean trochlear depth was 5.5 \u00b1 1.4 mm. High-grade trochlear dysplasia was defined as the 95th percentile and above, which was shown to be a sulcus angle of \u2265154\u00b0 or a trochlear depth of \u22643 mm for female patients and \u22644 mm for male patients. The prevalence of high-grade trochlear dysplasia was 5.4% based on the sulcus angle and 9.9% based on trochlear depth. Knees with high-grade trochlear dysplasia based on the sulcus angle were 11 times more likely to have had previous patellar instability (p = 0.013).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of high-grade trochlear dysplasia in the general population is approximately 10%, and there may be an association with patellar instability. The use of ultrasound to diagnose trochlear dysplasia may prove to be a rapid and useful tool for guiding patient education and treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prognostic\n                      <jats:underline>Level IV<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.20.01624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T15:00:36Z","timestamp":1632236436000},"page":"2126-2132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence of Trochlear Dysplasia and Associations with Patellofemoral Pain and Instability in a Skeletally Mature Population"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0656-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarabelle A.","family":"DeVries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-0109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Bomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8628-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Pennock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00018","article-title":"Acute patellar dislocation in children: incidence and associated osteochondral fractures","volume":"14","author":"Nietosvaara","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503260788","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation","volume":"32","author":"Fithian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib3-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519888467","article-title":"Factors Associated With an Increased Risk of Recurrence After a First-Time Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Huntington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4-20250430","first-page":"1037","article-title":"High rate of recurrent patellar dislocation in skeletally immature patients: a long-term population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."},{"issue":"68","key":"bib5-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1964.35.suppl-68.01","article-title":"Shape of the Intercondylar Groove Normally and in Recurrent Dislocation of Patella. 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