{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:46:25Z","timestamp":1787755585783,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Gram-negative periprosthetic joint infections (GN-PJIs) present unique challenges. Our aim was to establish a clinically representative GN-PJI model that recapitulates biofilm formation in vivo. We also hypothesized that biofilm formation on the implant surface would affect its ability to osseointegrate.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Three-dimensionally-printed medical-grade titanium hip implants were used to replace the femoral heads of male Sprague-Dawley rats. GN-PJI was induced using 2 bioluminescent\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n strains: a reference strain (PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n ) and a mutant biofilm-defective strain (\n \u0394flgK-lux<\/jats:italic>\n ). Infection was monitored in real time using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacterial loads were quantified utilizing the viable colony count. Biofilm formation at the bone-implant interface was visualized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Implant stability, as an outcome, was directly assessed by quantifying osseointegration using microcomputed tomography, and indirectly assessed by identifying gait-pattern changes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Bioluminescence detected by the IVIS was focused on the hip region and demonstrated localized infection, with greater ability of PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n to persist in the model compared with the\n \u0394flgK-lux<\/jats:italic>\n strain, which is defective in biofilm formation. This was corroborated by MRI, as PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n induced relatively larger implant-related abscesses. Biofilm formation at the bone-implant interface induced by PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n was visualized using FE-SEM versus defective-biofilm formation by\n \u0394flgK-lux<\/jats:italic>\n . Quantitatively, the average viable colony count of the sonicated implants, in colony-forming units\/mL, was 3.77 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n for PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n versus 3.65 \u00d7 10\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n for\n \u0394flgK-lux,<\/jats:italic>\n with a 95% confidence interval around the difference of 1.45 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n to 6.08 \u00d7 10\n 8<\/jats:sup>\n (p = 0.0025). This difference in the ability to persist in the model was reflected significantly on implant osseointegration, with a mean intersection surface of 4.1 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b1 1.99 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u03bcm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n for PA14-\n lux<\/jats:italic>\n versus 6.44 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b1 2.53 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u03bcm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n for\n \u0394flgK-lux<\/jats:italic>\n and 7.08 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b1 1.55 \u00d7 10\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n \u03bcm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n for the noninfected control (p = 0.048).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n To our knowledge, this proposed, novel in vivo biofilm-based model is the most clinically representative for GN-PJI to date, since animals can bear weight on the implant, poor osseointegration was associated with biofilm formation, and localized PJI was assessed by various modalities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n This model will allow for more reliable testing of novel biofilm-targeting therapeutics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.22.00094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T11:02:18Z","timestamp":1672830138000},"page":"42-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Establishment of a Novel Rat Model of Gram-Negative Periprosthetic Joint Infection Using Cementless Hip Hemiarthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazen M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Characterization Core Facility, Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Ure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behavior and Physiology Core, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton W.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien-Fah","family":"Mah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Abdelbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"bib2-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.03.035","article-title":"Quantifying the Burden of Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Infection","volume":"30","author":"Kamath","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"bib3-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01046","article-title":"Preventing infection in total joint arthroplasty","volume":"92","author":"Matar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib4-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30345-1","article-title":"Risk factors associated with revision for prosthetic joint infection after hip replacement: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Lenguerrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.023","article-title":"Current management of prosthetic joint infections in adults: results of an Emerging Infections Network survey","volume":"41","author":"Marschall","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-18","article-title":"What is the evidence base to guide surgical treatment of infected hip prostheses? Systematic review of longitudinal studies in unselected patients","volume":"10","author":"Beswick","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib7-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2751-5","article-title":"Two-stage revision of prosthetic hip joint infections using antibiotic-loaded cement spacers: When is the best time to perform the second stage?","volume":"39","author":"Vielgut","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib8-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.078","article-title":"The 2018 Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Infection: An Evidence-Based and Validated Criteria","volume":"33","author":"Parvizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9504-1","article-title":"Risk Factors and Treatment Options for Failure of a Two-Stage Exchange","volume":"11","author":"Fagotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib10-20250430","first-page":"1746","article-title":"The impact of infection after total hip arthroplasty on hospital and surgeon resource utilization","volume":"87","author":"Bozic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.004219","article-title":"The economic impact of periprosthetic infection in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"63","author":"Akindolire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Surgery."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib12-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib13-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0377-9","article-title":"One- and two-stage surgical revision of peri-prosthetic joint infection of the hip: a pooled individual participant data analysis of 44 cohort studies","volume":"33","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12673","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of biofilm infections","volume":"125","author":"Ciofu","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.08.018","article-title":"Treating periprosthetic joint infections as biofilms: key diagnosis and management strategies","volume":"81","author":"Tzeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.49","article-title":"Biofilm formation as microbial development","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.4.1455-1464.2005","article-title":"DNA binding: a novel function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pili","volume":"187","author":"van Schaik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib18-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01658.x","article-title":"Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Barken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1008","article-title":"Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2323-z","article-title":"Biofilm-specific antibiotic tolerance and resistance","volume":"34","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"bib21-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00039","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lifestyle: A Paradigm for Adaptation, Survival, and Persistence","volume":"7","author":"Moradali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib22-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12003","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment concepts for orthopaedic device-related infection","volume":"18","author":"Sendi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102443","article-title":"Mimicking biofilm formation and development: Recent progress in in vitro and in vivo biofilm models","volume":"24","author":"Guzm\u00e1n-Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e318230efcf","article-title":"Orthopaedic biofilm infections","volume":"22","author":"Stoodley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Orthopaedic Practice."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib25-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.02.033","article-title":"The AAHKS Best Podium Presentation Research Award: Comparing the Efficacy of Irrigation Solutions on Staphylococcal Biofilm Formed on Arthroplasty Surfaces","volume":"36","author":"Premkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.27.4.619","article-title":"Tobramycin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material","volume":"27","author":"Nickel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01913-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"9","author":"Mah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib28-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.09.044","article-title":"Treatment Outcomes and Attrition in Gram-Negative Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"35","author":"Kalbian","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"16","key":"bib29-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra040181","article-title":"Prosthetic-joint infections","volume":"351","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.01.007","article-title":"Guiding empirical antibiotic therapy in orthopaedics: The microbiology of prosthetic joint infection managed by debridement, irrigation and prosthesis retention","volume":"55","author":"Moran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Infection."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib31-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0905029","article-title":"Infection Associated with Prosthetic Joints","volume":"361","author":"Del Pozo","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib32-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22581","article-title":"Etiology of surgical site infections after primary total joint arthroplasties","volume":"32","author":"Benito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib33-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.05.004","article-title":"Time trends in the aetiology of prosthetic joint infections: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Benito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib34-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1086\/605593","article-title":"Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: risk factors and outcome of treatment","volume":"49","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib35-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.17171","article-title":"Which Orthopaedic Patients Are Infected with Gram-negative Non-fermenting Rods?","volume":"2","author":"Jamei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Infection."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib36-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.03.305","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of surgical site infections following orthopedic surgery","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06246-11","article-title":"Microbiological aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical profile of prosthetic joint infections: are current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines effective?","volume":"56","author":"Peel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib38-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.01.027","article-title":"Specific Infectious Organisms Associated With Poor Outcomes in Treatment for Hip Periprosthetic Infection","volume":"32","author":"Cunningham","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib39-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.08.007","article-title":"Remaining authors. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module","volume":"44","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib40-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1289","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091289","article-title":"Periprosthetic Joint Infection Caused by Gram-Positive Versus Gram-Negative Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide, but not Lipoteichoic Acid, Exerts Adverse Osteoclast-Mediated Effects on the Bone","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib41-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O911","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12649","article-title":"REIPI Group for the Study of Prosthetic Infection. Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection: outcome of a debridement, antibiotics and implant retention approach. A large multicentre study","volume":"20","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"bib42-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.15722","article-title":"Pseudomonas Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Review of 102 Episodes","volume":"1","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Infection."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib43-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.03.044","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infection caused by gram-negative organisms","volume":"26","author":"Zmistowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"key":"bib44-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.513242","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infections: Experience in a Regional Reference Center in France","volume":"7","author":"Cerioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib45-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dkv281","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv281","article-title":"Osteoarticular infection caused by MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the benefits of combination therapy with colistin plus \u03b2-lactams","volume":"70","author":"Ribera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"issue":"17","key":"bib46-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121737","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121737","article-title":"Mouse model of Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection reveals therapeutic targets","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib47-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24706","article-title":"Image-based design and 3D-metal printing of a rat hip implant for use in a clinically representative model of joint replacement","volume":"38","author":"Paish","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"key":"bib48-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.01178","article-title":"Towards optimizing a custom small animal model of partial joint replacement system created via additive manufacturing","volume":"4","author":"Adam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib49-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29113","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029113","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strain PA14 displays increased virulence due to a mutation in ladS","volume":"6","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"17","key":"bib50-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00337-15","article-title":"Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Found in the migA and wbpX Glycosyltransferase Genes Account for the Intrinsic Lipopolysaccharide Defects Exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14","volume":"197","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib51-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.60.3.539-574.1996","article-title":"Microbial pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis: mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia","volume":"60","author":"Govan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib52-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01062.x","article-title":"Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib53-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80266-9","article-title":"Flagellar hook and hook-associated proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and their relationship to other axial components of the flagellum","volume":"213","author":"Homma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib54-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.2950-2957.1995","article-title":"Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa fliO, a gene involved in flagellar biosynthesis and adherence","volume":"63","author":"Simpson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib55-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth765","article-title":"A Tn7-based broad-range bacterial cloning and expression system","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib56-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.24","article-title":"mini-Tn7 insertion in bacteria with single attTn7 sites: example Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"1","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"bib57-20250430","first-page":"Unit 1B.1","article-title":"Growing and analyzing static biofilms","volume":"Chapter 1","author":"Merritt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol."},{"key":"bib58-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B7.BJJ-2020-2435.R1","article-title":"2021 Frank Stinchfield Award: A novel cemented hip hemiarthroplasty infection model with real-time in vivo imaging in rats","author":"Hadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Bone & Joint Journal."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib59-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00241-4","article-title":"How to optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Herigstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiological Methods."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib60-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217738268","article-title":"On determining sample size in experiments involving laboratory animals","volume":"52","author":"Festing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib61-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods."},{"issue":"1_Supple_A","key":"bib62-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.101B1.BJJ-2018-0233.R1","article-title":"The prevention of infection: 12 modifiable risk factors","volume":"101-B","author":"Alamanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Bone & Joint Journal."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib63-20250430","first-page":"38","article-title":"Risk factors for infection after knee arthroplasty. A register-based analysis of 43, 149 cases","volume":"91","author":"J\u00e4msen","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib64-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00815","article-title":"Quantification of Peri-Implant Bacterial Load and in Vivo Biofilm Formation in an Innovative, Clinically Representative Mouse Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"99","author":"Carli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery."},{"key":"bib65-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_157","article-title":"Animal Models of Implant-Related Low-Grade Infections. A Twenty-Year Review","volume":"971","author":"Lovati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"issue":"19","key":"bib66-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01432","article-title":"Developing a Clinically Representative Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"98","author":"Carli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib67-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<754::AID-JBM21>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Prophylaxis of implant-related staphylococcal infections using tobramycin-containing bone cement","volume":"52","author":"Nijhof","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib68-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2005.03.007","article-title":"A novel total knee arthroplasty infection model in rabbits","volume":"23","author":"Craig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib69-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20452","article-title":"Quantitative mouse model of implant-associated osteomyelitis and the kinetics of microbial growth, osteolysis, and humoral immunity","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib70-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20608","article-title":"Novel model for studying hematogenous infection in an experimental setting of implant-related infection by a community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain","volume":"26","author":"Poultsides","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib71-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012580","article-title":"A mouse model of post-arthroplasty Staphylococcus aureus joint infection to evaluate in vivo the efficacy of antimicrobial implant coatings","volume":"5","author":"Bernthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib72-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047397","article-title":"Monitoring bacterial burden, inflammation and bone damage longitudinally using optical and \u03bcCT imaging in an orthopaedic implant infection in mice","volume":"7","author":"Niska","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib73-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21519","article-title":"Mouse model of chronic post-arthroplasty infection: noninvasive in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor bacterial burden for long-term study","volume":"30","author":"Pribaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"key":"bib74-20250430","first-page":"27","article-title":"Transposon Tn7","volume":"204","author":"Craig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib75-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.006","article-title":"Microbiology of polymicrobial prosthetic joint infection","volume":"94","author":"Flurin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib76-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939509015381","article-title":"The rat as an animal model for total hip replacement arthroplasty","volume":"8","author":"Powers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Surgery."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib77-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01281","article-title":"Multifunctional Nano and Collagen-Based Therapeutic Materials for Skin Repair","volume":"6","author":"Lazurko","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib78-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2010.07.001","article-title":"Directed air flow to reduce airborne particulate and bacterial contamination in the surgical field during total hip arthroplasty","volume":"26","author":"Stocks","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib79-20250430","first-page":"1236","article-title":"The influence of skeletal implants on incidence of infection. Experiments in a canine model","volume":"67","author":"Petty","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib80-20250430","first-page":"536","article-title":"Prevention of infection after total joint replacement. Experiments with a canine model","volume":"70","author":"Petty","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib81-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22907","article-title":"Quantifying the natural history of biofilm formation in vivo during the establishment of chronic implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in mice to identify critical pathogen and host factors","volume":"33","author":"Nishitani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib82-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1258\/002367700780384717","article-title":"Reduction of isoflurane MAC with buprenorphine and morphine in rats","volume":"34","author":"Criado","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"bib83-20250430","first-page":"17","article-title":"Modes of failure\u201d of cemented stem-type femoral components: a radiographic analysis of loosening","volume":"141","author":"Gruen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.22.00094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:45:12Z","timestamp":1787751912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.22.00094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.22.00094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}