{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:50:47Z","timestamp":1787755847852,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasonography is used to diagnose osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humerus; however, its reliability depends on the technical proficiency of the examiner. Recently, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) using deep learning has been applied in the field of medical science, and high diagnostic accuracy has been reported. We aimed to develop a deep learning-based CAD system for OCD detection on ultrasound images and to evaluate the accuracy of OCD detection using the CAD system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CAD process comprises 2 steps: humeral capitellum detection using an object-detection algorithm and OCD classification using an image classification network. Four-directional ultrasound images of the elbow of the throwing arm of 196 baseball players (mean age, 11.2 years), including 104 players with normal findings and 92 with OCD, were used for training and validation. An external dataset of 20 baseball players (10 with normal findings and 10 with OCD) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the CAD system. A confusion matrix and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical evaluation using the external dataset resulted in high AUCs in all 4 directions: 0.969 for the anterior long axis, 0.966 for the anterior short axis, 0.996 for the posterior long axis, and 0.993 for the posterior short axis. The accuracy of OCD detection thus exceeded 0.9 in all 4 directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose a deep learning-based CAD system to detect OCD lesions on ultrasound images. The CAD system achieved high accuracy in all 4 directions of the elbow. This CAD system with a deep learning model may be useful for OCD screening during medical checkups to reduce the probability of missing an OCD lesion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diagnostic\n                      <jats:underline>Level II<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.23.01164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T14:00:55Z","timestamp":1715695255000},"page":"2196-2204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum Using Ultrasound Images"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Takatsuji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9095-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7676-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8485-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7476-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Sukenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3779-9691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kotoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masataka","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syoji","family":"Kobashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2017.11.013","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum","volume":"23","author":"Maruyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"key":"bib2-20250430","first-page":"703","article-title":"Elbow osteochondral lesion in young baseball players","volume":"28","author":"Iwase","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1086","article-title":"Using sonography for the early detection of elbow injuries among young baseball players","volume":"187","author":"Harada","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib4-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514536843","article-title":"Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum Among Adolescent Baseball Players","volume":"42","author":"Kida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967117707703","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117707703","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence and clinical characteristics of humeral medial epicondyle apophysitis and osteochondritis dissecans: Ultrasonographic assessment of 4249 players","volume":"5","author":"Otoshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib6-20250430","first-page":"805","article-title":"Twenty-five cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow","volume":"14","author":"Minami","year":"1979","journal-title":"Rinsho Seikei Geka."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507312168","article-title":"Conservative treatment for osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum","volume":"36","author":"Matsuura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70270-2","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum. Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01135","article-title":"Classification, treatment, and outcome of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum. Surgical technique","volume":"90","author":"Takahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199806000-00014","article-title":"Early detection of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in young baseball players. Report of three cases","volume":"80","author":"Takahara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib11-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967114545298","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114545298","article-title":"Prevalence of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum in Young Baseball Players: Results Based on Ultrasonographic Findings","volume":"2","author":"Matsuura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22563","article-title":"Comparison of sonography and MRI in the evaluation of stability of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans","volume":"46","author":"Yoshizuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2724-4","article-title":"Two-year follow-up study of subchondral surface irregularities of the capitellum on ultrasonography in baseball players under the age of 10 years","volume":"46","author":"Iwame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"bib14-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164518","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/164518","article-title":"Is musculoskeletal ultrasonography an operator-dependent method or a fast and reliably teachable diagnostic tool? Interreader agreements of three ultrasonographers with different training levels","volume":"2010","author":"Ohrndorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"7553","key":"bib15-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-019-00831-5","article-title":"Distinction between benign and malignant breast masses at breast ultrasound using deep learning method with convolutional neural network","volume":"37","author":"Fujioka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17-20250430","first-page":"38","article-title":"Relationship between the location and staging of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum using ultrasonographic examination","volume":"25","author":"Okada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Clin Sports Med."},{"key":"bib21-20250430","article-title":"Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition","author":"Simonyan","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib22-20250430","first-page":"248","article-title":"ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database","author":"Deng","year":"2009"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib23-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14510","article-title":"Breast ultrasound lesion classification based on image decomposition and transfer learning","volume":"47","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-021-01261-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions on endoscopic ultrasonography images","volume":"25","author":"Hirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib25-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101723","article-title":"PTC-MAS: A Deep Learning-Based Preoperative Automatic Assessment of Lymph Node Metastasis in Primary Thyroid Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26-20250430","first-page":"967","article-title":"A lightweight network for automatic thyroid nodules location and recognition with high speed and accuracy in ultrasound images","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Xray Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib27-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-03040-8","article-title":"Deep learning-based osteochondritis dissecans detection in ultrasound images with humeral capitellum localization","author":"Sasaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221142280","article-title":"Degree of Accuracy With Which Deep Learning for Ultrasound Images Identifies Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum","volume":"51","author":"Shinohara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.23.01164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:53:48Z","timestamp":1787752428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.23.01164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.23.01164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}