{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:15:40Z","timestamp":1793855740115,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensionally printed titanium (3D-Ti) cages can be divided into 2 types: window-type cages, which have a void for bone graft, and non-window-type cages without a void. Few studies have investigated the necessity of a void for bone graft in fusion surgery. Therefore, the present study assessed the clinical and radiographic outcomes of window and non-window-type 3D-Ti cages in single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 70 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a window or non-window cage; 61 patients (87%) completed final follow-up (32 from the window cage group, 29 from the non-window cage group). Radiographic outcomes, including fusion rates, subsidence, and intra-cage osseointegration patterns, were assessed. Intra-cage osseointegration was measured using the intra-cage bridging bone score for the window cage group and the surface osseointegration ratio score for the non-window cage group. Additionally, we looked for the presence of the trabecular bone remodeling (TBR) sign on computed tomography (CT) images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 61 patients, 58 achieved interbody fusion, resulting in a 95.1% fusion rate. The fusion rate in the non-window cage group was comparable to, and not significantly different from, that in the window cage group (96.6% and 93.8%, p &gt; 0.99). The subsidence rate showed no significant difference between the window and non-window cage groups (15.6% and 3.4%, respectively; p = 0.262). The intra-cage osseointegration scores showed a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.007), with the non-window cage group having a higher proportion of cases with a score of 4 compared with the window cage group. The TBR sign was observed in 87.9% of patients who achieved interbody fusion, with a higher rate in the non-window cage group across the entire cohort although the difference was not significant (89.7% versus 78.1%, p = 0.385).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-window-type 3D-Ti cages showed equivalent clinical outcomes compared with window-type cages and comparable interbody fusion rates. These results suggest that the potential advantages of 3D-Ti cages could be optimized in the absence of a void for bone graft by providing a larger contact surface for osseointegration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Therapeutic\n                      <jats:underline>Level II<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.23.01245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T14:34:18Z","timestamp":1726065258000},"page":"2102-2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Feasibility of the Non-Window-Type 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Cage in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4278-2701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Woong","family":"Ham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of 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Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Taek","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Gwang Myeong Hospital, Gwangmyeongsi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Sup","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of 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