{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:50:49Z","timestamp":1787755849114,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sex and gender are distinct terms that must be used correctly. Data regarding sex and gender may be collected using a 2-step method that separates biological sex and self-reported gender identity. The PhenX Toolkit, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is one tool that provides investigators with recommended standard data-collection protocols. Another tool is the Diversity Minimal Item Set questionnaire. Importantly, sex and gender interact: for example, pain has both biological aspects (sex differences in electrical, ischemic, thermal, pressure, and muscle pain sensitivity) and cultural aspects (gender factors in how people report pain and how physicians understand and treat pain in patients). Gender norms, identity, and relations all impact patient care. Gender norms, for instance, may influence how a person experiences pain, gender identity may influence a person\u2019s willingness to report pain, and gender relations may influence a physician\u2019s gendered expectations in relation to a patient\u2019s gendered behaviors. Clinicians may perceive women\u2019s pain to be psychological; as a result, women may receive more nonspecific diagnoses, wait longer for treatment, and receive more antidepressants and fewer analgesics than men. Research on gender-diverse people and pain is just now emerging. Resources for methods of reporting include\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">The Lancet, Nature,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) Guidelines. We must consider all relevant factors intersecting with sex and gender, including age, disabilities, educational background, ethnicity, family configuration, geographic location, race, sexuality, social and economic status, sustainability, and more.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.24.00081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T15:08:28Z","timestamp":1722870508000},"page":"1713-1717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of Gender in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Londa","family":"Schiebinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1089\/gg.2017.0005","article-title":"Sex-and gender-based medicine: the need for precise terminology","volume":"1","author":"Madsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gend Genome."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/13505068211024891","article-title":"Non-Binary Gender Markers: Mobility, Migration, and Media Reception in Europe and Beyond","volume":"30","author":"Quinan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Womens Stud."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193","article-title":"The PhenX Toolkit: get the most from your measures","volume":"174","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.07.007","article-title":"Best practices in transgender health: a clinician\u2019s guide","volume":"45","author":"Lapinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.87","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in health. Science & Society Series on Sex and Science","volume":"13","author":"Regitz-Zagrosek","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib8-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet127","article-title":"Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings","volume":"111","author":"Bartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"issue":"7749","key":"bib9-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00895-3","article-title":"Why the sexes don\u2019t feel pain the same way","volume":"567","author":"Dance","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"bib10-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6358624","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6358624","article-title":"\u201cBrave men\u201d and \u201cemotional women\u201d: a theory-guided literature review on gender bias in health care and gendered norms towards patients with chronic pain","volume":"2018","author":"Samulowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x","article-title":"The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib12-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00237","article-title":"Sex and gender issues in pain management","volume":"102","author":"Templeton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"16","key":"bib14-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516047113","article-title":"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites","volume":"113","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib15-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad075","article-title":"Topical Review: Acute and Chronic Pain Experiences in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth","volume":"48","author":"Boerner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-016-0007-6","article-title":"Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use","volume":"1","author":"Heidari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00366-3","article-title":"Gender-related variables for health research","volume":"12","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ."},{"key":"bib23-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101072","article-title":"Diversified innovations in the health sciences: Proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS)","volume":"33","author":"Stadler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Pharm."},{"issue":"7781","key":"bib25-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1657-6","article-title":"Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering","volume":"575","author":"Tannenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.24.00081","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1787752301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.24.00081"}},"subtitle":["Methods of Reporting and Interactions with Sex and Other Factors"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.24.00081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}