{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:53:14Z","timestamp":1787820794353,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Previous research has estimated that over one-half of patients with orthopaedic trauma experience financial distress after the injury. However, it is unknown what proportion of patients lived under financial distress before the injury and, therefore, the causal effect of the injury on financial distress. This study examined changes in financial distress after the injury and factors associated with new post-injury financial distress.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A prospective cohort study was performed at a single academic trauma center, leveraging patients\u2019 2-week recall of their pre-injury financial circumstances to permit a quasi-experiment design. Adult patients with a surgically treated lower-extremity fracture were included. The primary outcome was self-reported financial distress. Pre-injury financial distress was compared with financial distress in the 6 months after the injury. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with new financial distress after the injury.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 200 study participants were enrolled (median age, 42 years [interquartile range, 32 to 59 years]); 56% of patients were male. Financial distress was present in 40% of the study participants before the injury. The fracture was associated with an absolute increase of 19% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5% to 34%; p < 0.001) in the prevalence of financial distress. New post-injury financial distress was associated with working before the injury (odds ratio [OR], 6.9 [95% CI, 2.2 to 22]; p < 0.001) and earning <$70,000 per year (OR, 3.6 [95% CI, 1.2 to 10]; p = 0.02).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The findings suggest that 2 of 5 patients with a lower-extremity fracture had experienced financial distress before the injury. The prevalence of financial distress increased to 3 of 5 after the injury. Working and earning <$70,000 per year before the injury substantially elevated the patients\u2019 risk of new financial distress post-injury. Future efforts should target interventions to reduce financial distress in this at-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n \n Prognostic\n Level II<\/jats:underline>\n . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.24.00345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T14:00:39Z","timestamp":1735048839000},"page":"272-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determining If Post-Injury Financial Distress Was Preexisting or Injury-Induced"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Nathan N.","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7410-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4330-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey","family":"Loudermilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3403-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Okhuereigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5190-5532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua E.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8155-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murali","family":"Kovvur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5628-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert V.","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9111-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard P.","family":"Slobogean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily R.","family":"Mundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"bib1-20260615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012604","article-title":"An 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