{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1787754423056,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The aims of this study were to evaluate the timing and trend of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis initiation following surgical intervention, and the impact of VTE prophylaxis timing on the occurrence of VTE complications, across North American trauma centers in patients with complete traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective, observational cohort study utilized data from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) from 2013 to 2020. We identified surgically treated patients with complete traumatic cervical SCI. Patient variables included age, sex, race, insurance coverage, and comorbidity status. Outcomes of interest included time to VTE prophylaxis following surgery and the occurrence of VTE complications. Mixed-effect regression models were constructed to evaluate the adjusted estimate for each outcome accounting for patient-, injury-, and hospital-level covariates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The study included 5,325 patients treated across 463 trauma centers. The mean age in the cohort was 46.7 \u00b1 18.9 years, with male predominance (81.1%). Race was predominantly White (62.3%) and Black (23.0%). The mean time to VTE prophylaxis initiation was 90 \u00b1 112 hours, and the median time was 65 hours (interquartile range, 39 to 105 hours). The annual trend of VTE prophylaxis initiation after surgery was a decrease by 5.2 hours per year over the 8-year study interval. This was associated with an annual reduction of 6.2% in the odds of VTE complication occurrence. Multivariable mixed-effect regression models demonstrated a significant reduction in time to VTE prophylaxis (mean difference, \u22123.7 hours per year [95% confidence interval [CI], \u22125.3 to \u22122.1 hours per year]; p < 0.001) and VTE complications (odds ratio, 0.93 per year [95% CI, 0.88 to 0.98 per year]; p = 0.01) over the study period, after adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n This analysis provides insight into VTE prophylaxis practice patterns following surgery for complete cervical SCI across North American trauma centers from 2013 to 2020. The timing of VTE prophylaxis initiation consistently decreased, which appeared to be associated with a significant reduction found in VTE complications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n \n Therapeutic\n Level III<\/jats:underline>\n . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.24.00563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:00:15Z","timestamp":1767801615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and Impact of Pharmacological VTE Prophylaxis Timing for Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Across North American Trauma Centers"],"prefix":"10.2106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Essa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1759-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armaan K.","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3995-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husain","family":"Shakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 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Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tej D.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6667-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Y.","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingshi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7894-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson R.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 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