{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:50:00Z","timestamp":1791510600480,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female surgeons more commonly delay childbearing and experience higher rates of infertility than women in the general population. More women are entering orthopaedic surgery but face unique challenges in family building. The accessibility of fertility preservation strategies among female orthopaedic surgeons remains underexplored. We aimed to investigate facilitators of and barriers to oocyte cryopreservation, especially during orthopaedic residency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey regarding family planning and experiences surrounding oocyte cryopreservation was designed and distributed via residency program directors, regional orthopaedic societies, and the Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society. Female orthopaedic surgery residents, fellows, and attending physicians were invited to participate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 169 participants, 107 (63%) reported intentionally delaying childbearing and 58 (34%) reported delaying or planning to delay for \u22654 years. Although 91 respondents (54%) had considered oocyte cryopreservation, only 36 (21%) had undergone or planned to undergo at least 1 cycle and 55 (33%) ultimately decided not to undergo it. Inflexible scheduling of work, lack of insurance coverage, and restrictive leave policy were the most important barriers to oocyte cryopreservation during residency. Among current residents and fellows, 30 (38%) would not have been comfortable telling program leadership that they were planning to undergo oocyte cryopreservation and 25 (32%) reported that they would not have been provided adequate scheduling flexibility. When given 5 multiple-choice questions about female fertility and the oocyte cryopreservation process, respondents answered a mean of 1.46 questions correctly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed a high degree of interest in oocyte cryopreservation among survey respondents but identified persistent barriers of financial burden, inflexible scheduling, institutional stigma, and limited fertility knowledge. Residency programs should prioritize schedule flexibility, proactive leadership support, and privacy-conscious accommodations for fertility-related care as well as structured reproductive health education for trainees.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Barriers to fertility preservation during orthopaedic training directly affect physician well-being and the ability to recruit and retain women in this specialty, which, in turn, impact patient access to quality care from a diverse physician workforce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.25.01438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T18:00:54Z","timestamp":1775844054000},"page":"1203-1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oocyte Cryopreservation Experiences and Attitudes Among Female Orthopaedic Surgeons"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5060-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace Q.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra H.","family":"Seidenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn M.","family":"LaPorte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"bib1-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2326192","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26192","article-title":"Childbearing, infertility, and career trajectories among women in medicine","volume":"6","author":"Bakkensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib2-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5638","article-title":"Fertility and childbearing among American female physicians","volume":"25","author":"Stentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03027-w","article-title":"Pregnancy and fertility concerns: a survey of United States obstetrics and gynecology residents","volume":"25","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib4-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003549","article-title":"Childbearing decisions in residency: a multicenter survey of female residents","volume":"95","author":"Stack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005724","article-title":"High infertility rates and pregnancy complications in female physicians indicate a need for culture change","volume":"277","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.3301","article-title":"Incidence of infertility and pregnancy complications in US female surgeons","volume":"156","author":"Rangel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.5420","article-title":"Occupational reproductive hazards for female surgeons in the operating room: a review","volume":"155","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib8-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.1693","article-title":"Pregnancy among women surgeons: trends over time","volume":"147","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Surg."},{"issue":"17","key":"bib9-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01291","article-title":"Women in orthopaedic surgery: population trends in trainees and practicing surgeons","volume":"100","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib10-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4827-y","article-title":"Where are the women in orthopaedic surgery?","volume":"474","author":"Rohde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11-20261009","first-page":"e23.00004","article-title":"Exponential growth in female residency applicants in orthopaedic surgery over the past 15 years","volume":"8","author":"Pinpin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JB JS Open Access."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-00198","article-title":"Does a career in orthopaedic surgery affect a woman\u2019s fertility?","volume":"29","author":"Poon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00707","article-title":"Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons","volume":"94","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib14-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00216","article-title":"The perception of pregnancy and parenthood among female orthopaedic surgery residents","volume":"27","author":"Mulcahey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00221","article-title":"Health considerations for female orthopaedic surgeons","volume":"32","author":"Chou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib16-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.0979","article-title":"Providing a safe pregnancy experience for surgeons: a review","volume":"159","author":"Glazer","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.04.013","article-title":"Fifteen years of autologous oocyte thaw outcomes from a large university-based fertility center","volume":"118","author":"Cascante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00884-0","article-title":"Oocyte cryopreservation review: outcomes of medical oocyte cryopreservation and planned oocyte cryopreservation","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2025.08.032","article-title":"Elective fertility preservation: a national database study on trends in oocyte cryopreservation and oocyte utilization over a 5- to 7-year follow-up period","volume":"234","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.08.049","article-title":"Female physician infertility: the lack of adequate insurance coverage","volume":"228","author":"Veade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib21-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0486","article-title":"Fertility benefits at top U.S. medical schools","volume":"31","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02849-1","article-title":"Publicly available information about fertility benefits for trainees at medical schools in the US","volume":"40","author":"Rasouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib25-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103542","article-title":"Oocyte cryopreservation for medical and planned indications: a practical guide and overview","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26-20261009","first-page":"403","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and intentions toward fertility awareness and oocyte cryopreservation among obstetrics and gynecology resident physicians","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2213337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.13337","article-title":"Knowledge of fertility and perspectives about family planning among female physicians","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0459-x","article-title":"Egg freezing for fertility preservation and family planning: a nationwide survey of US obstetrics and gynecology residents","volume":"17","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116657193","article-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology residency and fertility needs","volume":"24","author":"Aghajanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib30-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/wjs.12179","article-title":"Pregnancy and infertility in orthopedics: a review of the current state","volume":"48","author":"Kermanshahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Surg."},{"issue":"23","key":"bib32-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00238","article-title":"Overcoming the barriers to diversity in orthopaedic surgery: a global perspective","volume":"105","author":"Rama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib33-20261009","first-page":"606","article-title":"The effect of implicit bias and current culture in orthopaedic surgery","volume":"5","author":"Poon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Soc North Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.6392","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 perspectives on family planning and impact on specialty choice","volume":"159","author":"Dason","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35-20261009","article-title":"A 10-year report on the trends of osteopathic medical students (OMS) in osteopathic orthopaedic residency over the past decade","volume":"7","author":"Sees","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Acad Orthop."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib36-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1308\/003588409X359303","article-title":"A brief comparison of orthopaedic training in English-speaking countries","volume":"91","author":"Syed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-15-00719.1","article-title":"Does psychological safety impact the clinical learning environment for resident physicians? Results from the VA\u2019s learners\u2019 perceptions survey","volume":"8","author":"Torralba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ."},{"key":"bib38-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.61622\/rbgo\/2025rbgo53","article-title":"Exploring awareness and attitudes toward oocyte cryopreservation among women of reproductive age","volume":"47","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib39-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01541-7","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 attitudes towards using elective oocyte cryopreservation to accommodate the demands of their career","volume":"36","author":"Nasab","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41-20261009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001897","article-title":"Representation of women in academic orthopaedic leadership: where are we now?","volume":"480","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.25.01438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:00:23Z","timestamp":1791507623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.25.01438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.25.01438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}