{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:27:23Z","timestamp":1793809643723,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip often arises from structural abnormalities that alter load distribution, which leads to progressive chondrolabral damage. Although substantial advances have been made, the existing terminology in the field of hip preservation remains heterogeneous and inconsistently applied, limiting scientific communication and treatment standardization. The aim of this article is to link evidence from existing literature to develop a framework in the form of a structured lexicon, one that defines the morphological features and pathomechanical mechanisms that are relevant to the symptomatic, pre-arthritic hip.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This descriptive framework was developed through the synthesis of current biomechanical, radiographic, and clinical evidence, combined with expert consensus from an international, multidisciplinary panel. Foundational concepts were derived from basic science research, including tribology, mechanobiology, and contact mechanics, to establish a unified terminology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three principal wear modes\u2014instability, impingement, and mixed mechanisms\u2014are proposed, corresponding to distinct pathological loading environments. Wear mechanisms include dysplasia with rim overload and stress-related cartilage failure, impingement with cam-induced shear or pincer rim conflict, and secondary inflammatory degeneration. Wear damage is classified by tissue involvement, encompassing labral degeneration, chondrolabral detachment, staged cartilage delamination, and subchondral bone changes (sclerosis, cystic change). By linking lesion topography to underlying mechanics, this framework has diagnostic and therapeutic relevance as well as encompasses radiographic measurements and clinical features of wear that are pertinent to hip instability and femoroacetabular impingement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This lexicon provides a coherent framework for pre-arthritic hip disease, establishing a shared terminology to guide basic-science research integration and the interpretation of current clinical practice in hip preservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.26.00112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:00:28Z","timestamp":1785175228000},"page":"1695-1702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lexicon on the Pathomechanics of the Native Hip Joint at Risk for Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Beaul\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0697-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5045-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Grammatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ira","family":"Zaltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Sugano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richie","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Clohisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leunig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulthess Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5708-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Safran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Laboudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique du Sport Bordeaux-M\u00e9rignac, M\u00e9rignac, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3627-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Siebenrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1380-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Millis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20261104","first-page":"145","article-title":"Osteotomies of the hip in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis","volume":"41","author":"Millis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035231191202","article-title":"Femoroacetabular impingement and the effect of osteochondroplasty on hip osteoarthritis prevention: The Pandora\u2019s Box Opening Process","volume":"15","author":"Lamo-Espinosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cartilage."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051128","article-title":"Hip preservation surgery in osteoarthritis prevention: Potential benefits of the radiographic angular correction","volume":"12","author":"Lamo-Espinosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"issue":"10513","key":"bib4-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","article-title":"Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195335010-00007","article-title":"Shelf operation in congenital dysplasia of the acetabulum and in subluxation and dislocation of the hip","volume":"35-A","author":"Wiberg","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"182","key":"bib6-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198401000-00010","article-title":"Mechanics of the normal and osteoarthritic hip. A new perspective","volume":"182","author":"Bombelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib7-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.455","article-title":"Total hip replacement: indications for surgery and risk factors for failure","volume":"56","author":"Crawford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"bib9-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198612000-00004","article-title":"Etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip","volume":"213","author":"Harris","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib10-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3182770a8d","article-title":"What is the evidence to support acetabular dysplasia as a cause of osteoarthritis?","volume":"33","author":"Cooperman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"bib11-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000096804.78689.c2","article-title":"Femoroacetabular impingement: a cause for osteoarthritis of the hip","volume":"417","author":"Ganz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0060-z","article-title":"The etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip: an integrated mechanical concept","volume":"466","author":"Ganz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.55B4.746","article-title":"The relationship between degenerative changes and load-bearing in the human hip","volume":"55","author":"Bullough","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib14-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00051-1","article-title":"The hip joint as a conchoid shape","volume":"30","author":"Menschik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-012-9296-6","article-title":"The accuracy of the use of functional hip motions on localization of the center of the hip","volume":"8","author":"Speirs","year":"2012","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.62B4.7430237","article-title":"The incongruous hip joint. A casting study","volume":"62-B","author":"Afoke","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib17-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01710","article-title":"The labro-acetabular complex","volume":"93","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"427","key":"bib18-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000144970.05107.7e","article-title":"The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration","volume":"427","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib19-20261104","first-page":"3","article-title":"The origin of submicron polyethylene wear debris in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"311","author":"McKellop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"bib20-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22651","article-title":"A lexicon for wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses","volume":"32","author":"McKellop","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib21-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00042-7","article-title":"The influence of the acetabular labrum on hip joint cartilage consolidation: a poroelastic finite element model","volume":"33","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B6.37099","article-title":"The acetabular labrum: a review of its function","volume":"98-B","author":"Bsat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003904","article-title":"What Are the Biomechanical Features and Metrics for Native Hip Instability? Consensus Statements From a Scoping Review and an International Multidisciplinary Delphi Study","volume":"484","author":"Wagner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B2.0830171","article-title":"Femoroacetabular impingement and the cam-effect. A MRI-based quantitative anatomical study of the femoral head-neck offset","volume":"83","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib25-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2025.08.014","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of femoroacetabular impingement among Japanese patients: A nationwide epidemiological study","volume":"31","author":"Fukushima","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"key":"bib26-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.02.390","article-title":"Finite element modeling of cartilage contact pressures during harness treatment of hip dysplasia","volume":"25","author":"Vafaeian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib27-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05595-w","article-title":"Acetabular retroversion and cam morphology are contributing risk factors for posterior hip dislocation independent of the trauma mechanism","volume":"144","author":"Jaecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg."},{"issue":"9S","key":"bib28-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.02.067","article-title":"A Contemporary Definition of Hip Dysplasia and Structural Instability: Toward a Comprehensive Classification for Acetabular Dysplasia","volume":"32","author":"Wilkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.31.BJO-2021-0130.R1","article-title":"Do acetabular parameters measured on 2D imaging correlate with CT, and can lateral centre-edge angle predict femoral head coverage?","volume":"3","author":"Salih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Jt Open."},{"key":"bib30-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.040","article-title":"Higher medially-directed joint reaction forces are a characteristic of dysplastic hips: A comparative study using subject-specific musculoskeletal models","volume":"54","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib31-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221110887","article-title":"Hip impingement location in maximal hip flexion in patients with femoroacetabular impingement with and without femoral retroversion","volume":"50","author":"Lerch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib32-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00060","article-title":"Hypermobility assessment in 1,004 adult patients presenting with hip pain: Correlation with diagnoses and demographics","volume":"102","author":"Santore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"bib33-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810000-00028","article-title":"Idiopathic hip instability. An unrecognized cause of coxa saltans in the adult","volume":"355","author":"Bellabarba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.12.008","article-title":"Hip instability: anatomic and clinical considerations of traumatic and atraumatic instability","volume":"30","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-17-00664","article-title":"Microinstability of the hip-gaining acceptance","volume":"27","author":"Safran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib36-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003905","article-title":"Which Imaging Modalities, Parameters, and Diagnostic Thresholds Best Define Hip Instability? Consensus Statements From a Scoping Review and an International Multidisciplinary Delphi Study","volume":"484","author":"Leopold","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib37-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24137","article-title":"Unravelling the hip pistol grip\/cam deformity: Origins to joint degeneration","volume":"36","author":"Beaul\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib38-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B4.0840556","article-title":"The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement","volume":"84","author":"N\u00f6tzli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib39-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.106B8.BJJ-2023-1478.R2","article-title":"Radiological predictors of outcomes in hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"106-B","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib40-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1348089","article-title":"Update in hip imaging","volume":"17","author":"Blankenbaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib41-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0627-3","article-title":"Comparison of MRI alpha angle measurement planes in femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"467","author":"Rakhra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"bib42-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01280","article-title":"Prevalence of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement morphology in asymptomatic volunteers","volume":"92","author":"Hack","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.11.003","article-title":"Patient-specific analysis of cartilage and labrum mechanics in human hips with acetabular dysplasia","volume":"22","author":"Henak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib44-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2477-2","article-title":"The acetabular wall index for assessing anteroposterior femoral head coverage in symptomatic patients","volume":"470","author":"Siebenrock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib45-20261104","first-page":"1005","article-title":"[X-ray aspects of hip diseases with an attempted classification of them]","volume":"19","author":"Ruelle","year":"1952","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic."},{"issue":"10","key":"bib46-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0104-7","article-title":"3D femoral neck anteversion measurements based on the posterior femoral plane in ORTHODOC system","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678308992864","article-title":"Anteversion of the acetabulum and femoral neck in normals and in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip","volume":"54","author":"Reiker\u00e5s","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib48-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3702","article-title":"Axial oblique CT to assess femoral anteversion","volume":"194","author":"Jarrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib49-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.3.9057536","article-title":"MR imaging measurement of the femoral antetorsional angle as a new technique: comparison with CT in children and adults","volume":"168","author":"Tomczak","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"bib50-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.02.859","article-title":"Increased femoral anteversion and alpha angle are associated with lower delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage score in femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib51-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000610","article-title":"Differences in femoral torsion among various measurement methods increase in hips with excessive femoral torsion","volume":"477","author":"Schmaranzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib52-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199807000-00019","article-title":"A comparison of alternative methods of measuring femoral anteversion","volume":"22","author":"Sugano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib53-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.10.010","article-title":"Characterization of symptomatic hip impingement in butterfly ice hockey goalies","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthroscopy."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib54-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90041-8","article-title":"The transmission of load through the human hip joint","volume":"4","author":"Greenwald","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib55-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00280-X","article-title":"A method to estimate the elastic properties of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage","volume":"37","author":"Federico","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"465","key":"bib56-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31815b181f","article-title":"The 2007 Frank Stinchfield Award. The biomechanics of the hip labrum and the stability of the hip","volume":"465","author":"Crawford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib57-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.11.044","article-title":"Articular cartilage friction increases in hip joints after the removal of acetabular labrum","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib58-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00099-6","article-title":"The acetabular labrum seal: a poroelastic finite element model","volume":"15","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib59-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B3.3733805","article-title":"The torn acetabular labrum","volume":"68","author":"Dorrell","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"key":"bib60-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200301000-00008","article-title":"Anatomy, pathologic features, and treatment of acetabular labral tears","volume":"406","author":"McCarthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib61-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.07.030","article-title":"Nanoscale deformation mechanisms and yield properties of hydrated bone extracellular matrix","volume":"60","author":"Schwiedrzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib62-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.06.011","article-title":"Role of the acetabular labrum in load support across the hip joint","volume":"44","author":"Henak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"bib63-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200112000-00004","article-title":"The Otto E. Aufranc Award: The role of labral lesions to development of early degenerative hip disease","volume":"393","author":"McCarthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib64-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.1.110","article-title":"Acetabular labral tears","volume":"86","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"bib65-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.08.025.1100230630","article-title":"Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum-the first report","volume":"23","author":"Ishiko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib66-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0061-y","article-title":"Hip damage occurs at the zone of femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"466","author":"Tannast","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"bib67-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B7.15203","article-title":"Hip morphology influences the pattern of damage to the acetabular cartilage: femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip","volume":"87","author":"Beck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"3","key":"bib68-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(96)90057-2","article-title":"The acetabular labral tear: an arthroscopic classification","volume":"12","author":"Lage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthroscopy."},{"key":"bib69-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200101000-00031","article-title":"Anatomy, histologic features, and vascularity of the adult acetabular labrum","volume":"382","author":"Seldes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"bib70-20261104","first-page":"60","article-title":"Acetabular labrum tears. Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"311","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib71-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000649","article-title":"The Pattern of Acetabular Cartilage Wear Is Hip Morphology-dependent and Patient Demographic-dependent","volume":"477","author":"Pascual-Garrido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib72-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/1120700018808996","article-title":"Increased subchondral bone thickness in hips with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"29","author":"Bieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hip Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib73-20261104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.01.012","article-title":"Increased acetabular subchondral bone density is associated with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"21","author":"Speirs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.26.00112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:01:18Z","timestamp":1793808078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.26.00112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.26.00112","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9355","1535-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}