{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:48:07Z","timestamp":1788479287611,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary infection by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      is uncommon because susceptibility to infection requires breakdown of the normal protective mucosal barrier. Furthermore, involvement of the upper extremity is rare. This case report presents clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in a 26-year-old patient with actinomycosis of the hand that was treated successfully by pharmacotherapy alone without any surgical debridement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary actinomycoses of the hand and upper extremity present as a challenging condition. It requires a high index of clinical suspicion and histopathologic diagnosis to guide treatment, typically involving antimicrobial therapy. This case highlights the usefulness of conservative treatment with antimicrobial therapy without surgical debridement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.cc.19.00520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T11:00:23Z","timestamp":1594378823000},"page":"e19.00520-e19.00520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis of the Hand and Wrist Treated with Pharmacotherapy Alone"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4936-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth Sekhar","family":"Sethy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8829-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arghya Kundu","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gobinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vibha","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1-20230720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00100-14","article-title":"Actinomyces and related organisms in human infections","volume":"28","author":"K\u00f6n\u00f6nen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2-20230720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.10.006","article-title":"Actinomycosis: a great pretender. 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