{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:46:52Z","timestamp":1787755612745,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital vertical talus (CVT) and congenital oblique talus (COT) are rocker-bottom foot deformities that have similar names and no objective definitions. This has led to confusion for practitioners, as well as scientific challenges for researchers. Our goal was to provide objective radiographic criteria to define and differentiate CVT and COT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated 62 pairs of maximum dorsiflexion and plantar flexion lateral radiographs of infant feet that had been clinically diagnosed with CVT. The dorsiflexion tibiotalar angle, the plantar flexion talus-first metatarsal angle, and the plantar flexion foot center of rotation of angulation (foot-CORA) were measured using transparent overlay tools. Freehand measurements were made on a subset of 10 pairs of radiographs to confirm clinical applicability. Nine contralateral pairs of radiographs of normal feet were measured for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific values for the radiographic measurements were identified that, together, reliably differentiated the shapes of rocker-bottom feet with CVT, COT, and flexible flatfoot with a short tendo-Achilles (FFF-STA), as well as the shape of the normal foot. More severe and rigid rocker-bottom foot deformities were diagnosed with CVT. Less severe and more flexible deformities were diagnosed with COT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVT, COT, FFF-STA, and normal feet can be reliably differentiated using 2 angular measurements and 1 bone position measurement on dorsiflexion and plantar flexion lateral radiographs. Our data indicated that the differentiation of CVT and COT is based primarily on the rigidity of the navicular dislocation rather than the verticality of the talus. The data further supported the proposition that COT is a foot deformity along a spectrum of valgus\/eversion deformities of the hindfoot that requires early treatment. Application of these diagnostic criteria should lead to clinical studies that identify a specific treatment, treatment outcome, and prognosis for each deformity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diagnostic\n                      <jats:underline>Level II<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.oa.24.00014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1720706621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Defining and Differentiating Congenital Vertical Talus and Congenital Oblique Talus"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent S.","family":"Mosca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhiren","family":"Ganjwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Ganjwala Orthopedic Hospital, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2940-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitesh","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250310","article-title":"A reliable method of clinically evaluating a virgin clubfoot","author":"Pirani","year":"1999","journal-title":"21st SICOT Congress"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3-20250310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/01202412-199504020-00002","article-title":"Classification of clubfoot","volume":"4","author":"Dim\u00e9glio","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"R4-20250310","first-page":"79","article-title":"Congenital convex pes valgus","volume":"21","author":"Lamy","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5-20250310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.40B1.33","article-title":"Congenital vertical talus","volume":"40-B","author":"Lloyd-Roberts","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"R6-20250310","first-page":"108","article-title":"Vertical and oblique talus: a diagnostic dilemma","volume":"1","author":"Jayakumar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"R7-20250310","first-page":"235","article-title":"Vertical and oblique talus","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"3","key":"R8-20250310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)01137-0","article-title":"The oblique talus deformity. What is it, and what is its clinical significance in the scheme of pronatory deformities?","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10-20250310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198405000-00007","article-title":"Congenital vertical talus: classification with 69 cases and new measurement system","volume":"4","author":"Hamanishi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"}],"container-title":["JBJS Open Access"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.OA.24.00014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:45:17Z","timestamp":1787751917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.OA.24.00014"}},"subtitle":["It\u2019s Not Primarily About the Talus"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.oa.24.00014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-7245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-7245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}