{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:50:22Z","timestamp":1792273822979,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u00bb Abscesses caused by spinal tuberculosis typically occur in the anterior and lateral regions of the vertebral bodies, often extending to the paraspinal muscles as cold abscesses. Although intraspinal abscesses due to spinal tuberculosis are very common, cases with longitudinally extensive abscesses in the ventral epidural space of the spinal cord are not well-documented. The disease is characterized by insidious onset, rapid progression, and a high risk of irreversible neurological damage, highlighting the necessity for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u00bb This review presents 2 rare cases of long-segment tuberculous spinal epidural abscesses, with both patients achieving significant symptom improvement after precise surgical intervention and standardized antituberculosis therapy. A long-segment tuberculous spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is an extremely rare complication that may cause severe neurological impairment, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive spinal epidural abscesses. Clinical manifestations, such as neck stiffness, can easily be mistaken for tuberculous encephalopathy; therefore, contrast-enhanced MRI is recommended to differentiate a SEA from tuberculous encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u00bb Local decompression with catheter drainage can help preserve neurological function, establish a definitive etiological diagnosis, and guide subsequent treatment. Early, adequate, and comprehensive antituberculosis therapy is crucial for successful management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.oa.24.00249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T14:16:10Z","timestamp":1750428970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-Segment Ventral Spinal Epidural Abscesses Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiaJun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minye","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9922-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxuan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9091-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2018005","article-title":"Tuberculous lumbar spinal epidural abscess in a young adult (case report)","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"SICOT J."},{"issue":"1","key":"R2-20250620","first-page":"29","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a review highlighting early diagnosis and management","volume":"3","author":"Tetsuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMA J."},{"issue":"19","key":"R3-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra055111","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"355","author":"Darouiche","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"R4-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00011954","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients","volume":"23","author":"Reihsaus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"R5-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2729-1","article-title":"A large tuberculosis abscess causing spinal cord compression of the cervico-thoracic region in a young child","volume":"22","author":"Manoharan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"5","key":"R6-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772311Y.0000000023","article-title":"Spinal tuberculosis: a review","volume":"34","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.N.00253","article-title":"Intradural extension of a pyogenic epidural abscess: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Rosinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect."},{"issue":"5","key":"R8-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00496.x","article-title":"Spinal subdural Staphylococcus aureus abscess: case report and review of the literature","volume":"112","author":"Vural","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"R9-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2012.6.4.294","article-title":"Spinal tuberculosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"6","author":"Rasouli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"issue":"21","key":"R10-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e929","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00685","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: diagnosis, management, and outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Schwab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"R11-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199805150-00018","article-title":"Tuberculous lesions of the lumbosacral region. A 15-year follow-up of patients treated by ambulant chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R12-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_318_18","article-title":"Concurrent spinal epidural tubercular and pyogenic abscess of cervical spine without bony involvement","volume":"10","author":"Diyora","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract."},{"key":"R13-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200205000-00006","article-title":"Imaging of musculoskeletal tuberculosis: a new look at an old disease","volume":"398","author":"Griffith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Orthopaedics Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"R14-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702006000200013","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS: case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Metta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"R15-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2095-9","article-title":"Isolated extradural tuberculous granuloma of the cervical spine: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"2","key":"R16-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.2.216","article-title":"Comparison of pyogenic spondylitis and tuberculous spondylitis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"issue":"11","key":"R17-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.07.013","article-title":"The course of spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease): results of the multinational, multicentre Backbone-2 study","volume":"21","author":"Batirel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"R18-20250620","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Pott's spine: retrospective analysis of MRI scans of 70 cases","volume":"6","author":"Gehlot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"R19-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931001","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess","volume":"293","author":"Baker","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"R20-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101463","article-title":"Atypical intradural spinal tuberculosis: report of three cases","volume":"41","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(94)90363-8","article-title":"Tuberculous spinal epidural abscess: case report and MR imaging","volume":"18","author":"Struyf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"R22-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.046","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscesses: risk factors, medical versus surgical management, a retrospective review of 128 cases","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm100","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice","volume":"101","author":"Sendi","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"11","key":"R24-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research","volume":"10","author":"Marais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"R25-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-017-1718-5","article-title":"The time-sensitive challenge of diagnosing spinal epidural abscess in the emergency department","volume":"12","author":"Alerhand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"R26-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(92)90173-K","article-title":"Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review","volume":"38","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surg Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"R27-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.6.1821405","article-title":"Discrimination of tuberculous spondylitis from pyogenic spondylitis on MRI","volume":"182","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R28-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04797-2","article-title":"Posterior-only debridement, internal fixation, and interbody fusion using titanium mesh in the surgical treatment of thoracolumbar tuberculosis with spinal epidural abscess: a minimum 5-year follow-up","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"R29-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.FOCUS14127","article-title":"Medical and surgical management of spinal epidural abscess: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Arko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.06.010","article-title":"Is there a difference in neurologic outcome in medical versus early operative management of cervical epidural abscesses?","volume":"15","author":"Alton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"R31-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.119","article-title":"Cervical spondylodiscitis: presentation, timing, and surgical management in 59 patients","volume":"103","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"17","key":"R32-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E949","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000942","article-title":"Surgical management in 40 consecutive patients with cervical spinal epidural abscesses: shifting toward circumferential treatment","volume":"40","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R33-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3672-5","article-title":"Cervical spondylodiscitis: change in clinical picture and operative management during the last two decades. A series of 50 patients and review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Shousha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"24","key":"R34-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1479","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002747","article-title":"Epidural abscess: a propensity analysis of surgical treatment strategies","volume":"43","author":"Chaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.02.038","article-title":"Extensive spinal epidural abscess as a complication of Crohn's disease","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"R36-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.SPINE09545","article-title":"Management of an extensive spinal epidural abscess from C-1 to the sacrum. Case report","volume":"13","author":"Tahir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"R37-20250620","first-page":"468","article-title":"Seventeen level laminectomy for extensive spinal epidural abscess: case report and review","volume":"90","author":"Richmond","year":"1994","journal-title":"W V Med J."},{"issue":"3","key":"R38-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.05.001","article-title":"Holospinal epidural abscess","volume":"21","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"R39-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0403200617","article-title":"Extensive spinal epidural abscess associated with an unremarkable recovery","volume":"32","author":"Ansari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"R40-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01401836","article-title":"Diagnosis and results of different treatment regimens in patients with spinal abscesses","volume":"125","author":"Lange","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"14","key":"R41-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E300","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000131215.46119.DD","article-title":"Extended cervicolumbar spinal epidural abscess associated with paraparesis successfully decompressed using a minimally invasive technique","volume":"29","author":"Panagiotopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"R42-20250620","first-page":"179","article-title":"Treatment of a holocord epidural abscess. Case illustration","volume":"94","author":"Leonard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"R43-20250620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.SPINE131166","article-title":"Extensive spinal epidural abscess treated with \u201capical laminectomies\u201d and irrigation of the epidural space: report of 2 cases","volume":"22","author":"Abd-El-Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"}],"container-title":["JBJS Open Access"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.OA.24.00249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:51:06Z","timestamp":1787752266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.OA.24.00249"}},"subtitle":["A Report of 2 Cases and Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.oa.24.00249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-7245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-7245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}