{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:40:54Z","timestamp":1793374854652,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JBJS Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u27a2 Evidence now exists suggesting a neoplastic origin for pigmented villonodular synovitis, including a thorough description of the translocations involved.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u27a2 Arthroscopic excision for localized pigmented villonodular synovitis allows for both minimal recurrence and morbidity when compared with open excision; however, open excision still plays an important role in treating posterior compartment nodules.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u27a2 The optimal surgical treatment for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis is still a matter for debate, with combined anterior arthroscopic and open posterior excision being considered the preferred method.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u27a2 Radiation therapy has re-emerged as an additional treatment method for pigmented villonodular synovitis; however, the potential for serious toxicity makes it a questionable option, especially for such a benign condition.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u27a2 Small molecule and monoclonal antibody targeted therapies are being investigated as novel treatment methods for pigmented villonodular synovitis, with promising results.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.15.00086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T23:05:30Z","timestamp":1468969530000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Stephan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Shallop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Lackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Won B.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Mulcahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"r1-20230812","first-page":"731","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis, bursitis, and tenosynovitis: a discussion of the synovial and bursal equivalents of tenosynovial lesion commonly denoted as xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor or myeloplaxoma of tendon sheath with some consideration of this tendon sheath lesion itself","volume":"31","author":"Jaffe","year":"1941","journal-title":"Arch Pathol (Chic)"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198005000-00004","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis and tenosynovitis: a clinical epidemiologic study of 166 cases and literature review","volume":"59","author":"Myers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"7","key":"r3-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(92)90340-9","article-title":"Diffuse and localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor and pigmented villonodular synovitis: a clinicopathologic and flow cytometric DNA analysis","volume":"23","author":"Abdul-Karim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769060-00026","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"69","author":"Flandry","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"r5-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199403000-00024","article-title":"Surgical treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"300","author":"Flandry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"r6-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199401000-00028","article-title":"Diagnostic features of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"298","author":"Flandry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"r7-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2852-5","article-title":"A comparison of open and arthroscopic surgery for treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"r8-20230812","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cancer de la gaine des tendons","volume":"25","author":"Chassaignac","year":"1852","journal-title":"Gaz Hop Civ Milit"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749010-00010","article-title":"Localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. Report of 5 cases","volume":"49","author":"Granowitz","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"r10-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0249-3","article-title":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumor and pigmented villonodular synovitis: a proposal for unification of these clinically distinct but histologically and genetically identical lesions","volume":"36","author":"Rubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11-20230812","first-page":"576","article-title":"Analysis of 35 cases of localized and diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a report from the Chromosomes and Morphology (CHAMP) study group","volume":"12","author":"Sciot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0640-y","article-title":"Molecular cytogenetic mapping of recurrent chromosomal breakpoints in tenosynovial giant cell tumors","volume":"441","author":"Nilsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"issue":"2","key":"r13-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199702000-00004","article-title":"Malignant giant cell tumor of the tendon sheaths and joints (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis)","volume":"21","author":"Bertoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.2.172","article-title":"Localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee joint: neoplasm or reactive granuloma? A review of 18 cases","volume":"39","author":"Perka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507321103","article-title":"A landscape effect in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor from activation of CSF1 expression by a translocation in a minority of tumor cells","volume":"103","author":"West","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"r16-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31802b86f8","article-title":"Translocation and expression of CSF1 in pigmented villonodular synovitis, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, rheumatoid arthritis and other reactive synovitides","volume":"31","author":"Cupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"r17-20230812","first-page":"26","article-title":"Cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase expression in pigmented villonodular synovitis may mediate bone and cartilage destruction","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"issue":"10","key":"r18-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173100-00011","article-title":"X-chromosome inactivation in patients who have pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"73","author":"Sakkers","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"r19-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19860215)57:4<875::AID-CNCR2820570432>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (nodular tenosynovitis). A study of 207 cases to compare the large joint group with the common digit group","volume":"57","author":"Ushijima","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"r20-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.04.101","article-title":"Treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"30","author":"Aur\u00e9gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"6","key":"r21-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2010.07.005","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis: a retrospective single-center study of 122 cases and review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-012-9283-y","article-title":"MRI diagnosis of recurrent pigmented villonodular synovitis following total joint arthroplasty","volume":"9","author":"Friedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"HSS J"},{"issue":"9","key":"r23-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.02.007","article-title":"Long-term success in the treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee with subtotal synovectomy and radiotherapy","volume":"28","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"8","key":"r25-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0165-CR","article-title":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumor: case report and review","volume":"136","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200606000-00007","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"14","author":"Tyler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27-20230812","first-page":"243","article-title":"Pathological changes in the juvenile haemophilic knee","volume":"13","author":"Handelsman","year":"1975","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-003-0827-x","article-title":"MRI features of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS)","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-008-9104-5","article-title":"Treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee with combined surgical and radiosynovectomy","volume":"5","author":"Nassar","year":"2009","journal-title":"HSS J"},{"issue":"5","key":"r30-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.285085134","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"28","author":"Murphey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.285075190","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"28","author":"Garner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32-20230812","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Synovial lipomatosis (lipoma arborescens) affecting multiple joints in a patient with congenital short bowel syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Siva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.251045050","article-title":"Imaging of intraarticular masses","volume":"25","author":"Sheldon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"11","key":"r34-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1636-MGCTOS","article-title":"Malignant giant cell tumor of synovium (malignant pigmented villonodular synovitis)","volume":"124","author":"Layfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r35-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2007.05.007","article-title":"Outcome of 17 pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee at 6 years mean follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"9","key":"r36-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.03.012","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of surgically treated localized pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"23","author":"Dines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"12","key":"r37-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2003-5","article-title":"Arthroscopic synovectomy in pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: clinical series and outcome","volume":"37","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r38-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2011.12.002","article-title":"Clinical results of open synovectomy for treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: case series and review of literature","volume":"19","author":"Nakahara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"8","key":"r39-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B8.33608","article-title":"Functional outcome and quality of life after the surgical treatment for diffuse-type giant-cell tumour around the knee: a retrospective analysis of 30 patients","volume":"96-B","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1053\/ar.1999.v15.015061","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"15","author":"Zvijac","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"12","key":"r41-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200212000-00011","article-title":"Treatment of advanced primary and recurrent diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"84","author":"Chin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"11","key":"r42-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0922-7","article-title":"Outcomes after excision of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"467","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"r43-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3944\/AOTT.2011.2442","article-title":"Long-term results of surgical treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"45","author":"Akinci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"issue":"3","key":"r44-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2589-8","article-title":"Does combined open and arthroscopic synovectomy for diffuse PVNS of the knee improve recurrence rates?","volume":"471","author":"Colman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"r45-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00514-Y","article-title":"Outcome following radiation treatment for high-risk pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"32","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"r46-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.10.016","article-title":"External beam radiotherapy as postoperative treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"67","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"issue":"19","key":"r47-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26529","article-title":"Long-term outcome of the treatment of high-risk tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis with radiotherapy and surgery","volume":"118","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"r48-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.058","article-title":"External beam radiation therapy enhances local control in pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"75","author":"Horoschak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"r49-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318292efdf","article-title":"A low recurrence rate is possible with a combination of surgery and radiosynovectomy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee","volume":"38","author":"Koca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r50-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2010.05.006","article-title":"Intra-articular chromic phosphate (\u00b32P) in the treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"10","author":"Zook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"r51-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.10.1113","article-title":"The use of surgery and yttrium 90 in the management of extensive and diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of large joints","volume":"41","author":"Shabat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"r52-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00441","article-title":"Unacceptable complications following intra-articular injection of yttrium 90 in the ankle joint for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"90","author":"Bickels","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"r53-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-3967","article-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor c-fms is a novel target of imatinib","volume":"105","author":"Dewar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"r54-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26409","article-title":"Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and\/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor\/pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"118","author":"Cassier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"r55-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn033","article-title":"Complete response to imatinib in relapsing pigmented villonodular synovitis\/tenosynovial giant cell tumor (PVNS\/TGCT)","volume":"19","author":"Blay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r56-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204589","article-title":"Efficacy of intra-articular bevacizumab for relapsing diffuse-type giant cell tumour","volume":"73","author":"Nissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"r57-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003405","article-title":"M-CSF signals through the MAPK\/ERK pathway via Sp1 to induce VEGF production and induces angiogenesis in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Curry","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"r58-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1185-z","article-title":"Intraarticular adalimumab in a patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"31","author":"Kobak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"r59-20230812","first-page":"134","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis responsive to imatinib therapy","volume":"24","author":"Snoots","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01874474-201607000-00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:30:49Z","timestamp":1787751049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01874474-201607000-00003"}},"subtitle":["A Comprehensive Review and Proposed Treatment Algorithm"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.15.00086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]}}}