{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:44:08Z","timestamp":1787755448517,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JBJS Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>* Management of the mangled upper extremity prioritizes life before limb, with control of bleeding most often achieved with direct pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>* Infection is reduced by immediate antibiotic administration, excisional debridement within 24 hours, skeletal stabilization, and wound management that promotes healing.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>* High-pressure irrigation, soaps, and prolonged antibiotics have unclear benefit, and possible harm, with respect to the ultimate outcome of the mangled upper extremity.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>* Complex bone, nervous, vascular, and soft-tissue injuries require individually tailored reconstruction, frequently performed at a specialized center.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>* Occupational therapy, physical therapy, prosthetics, and psychological support are essential parts of the management and should be considered at each stage throughout recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.17.00131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T13:12:43Z","timestamp":1524575563000},"page":"e11-e11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Management of the Mangled Upper Extremity"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Erin A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (E.A.M.), and Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine (N.P.I. and S.A.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Iannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (E.A.M.), and Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine (N.P.I. and S.A.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8177-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (E.A.M.), and Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine (N.P.I. and S.A.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"r1-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198512000-00005","article-title":"The mangled extremity syndrome (M.E.S.): a severity grading system for multisystem injury of the extremity","volume":"25","author":"Gregory","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"r2-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1638-y","article-title":"Current management of the mangled upper extremity","volume":"36","author":"Bumbasirevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r3-20230812","first-page":"1363","article-title":"Advanced trauma life support (ATLS\u00ae): the ninth edition","volume":"74","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"r4-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.039610","article-title":"ABC to <C>ABC: redefining the military trauma paradigm","volume":"23","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2014.44","article-title":"Prolonged prehospital tourniquet placement associated with severe complications: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Malo","year":"2015","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000689","article-title":"A multi-institutional analysis of prehospital tourniquet use","volume":"79","author":"Schroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000747","article-title":"Tourniquet use for civilian extremity trauma","volume":"79","author":"Inaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"r8-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.10.038","article-title":"Early management of the mangled upper extremity","volume":"38","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007 Dec","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"r9-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000671","article-title":"Debridement and irrigation: evolution and current recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Erdle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"r10-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001777","article-title":"The use of pulse oximetry for objective quantification of vascular injuries in the hand","volume":"136","author":"Tarabadkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"r11-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)90002-5","article-title":"Mangling upper limb injuries in industry","volume":"30","author":"Ring","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"r12-20230812","first-page":"751","article-title":"East Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. East Practice Management Guidelines Work Group: update to practice management guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures","volume":"70","author":"Hoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658040-00004","article-title":"Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses","volume":"58","author":"Gustilo","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"r14-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072020-00023","article-title":"The management of open fractures","volume":"72","author":"Gustilo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"r15-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000554","article-title":"Surgical site infections in patients with type 3 open fractures: comparing antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin plus gentamicin versus piperacillin\/tazobactam","volume":"30","author":"Redfern","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B1.27026","article-title":"Early antibiotics and debridement independently reduce infection in an open fracture model","volume":"94","author":"Penn-Barwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"1","key":"r17-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000262","article-title":"Type III open tibia fractures: immediate antibiotic prophylaxis minimizes infection","volume":"29","author":"Lack","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"r18-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000197","article-title":"Time to initial operative treatment following open fracture does not impact development of deep infection: a prospective cohort study of 736 subjects","volume":"28","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"r19-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.04.010","article-title":"A comparison of primary and delayed wound closure in severe open tibial fractures initially treated with internal fixation and vacuum-assisted wound coverage: a case-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000205","article-title":"Open extremity fractures: impact of delay in operative debridement and irrigation","volume":"76","author":"Malhotra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r21-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.2022","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of treatment of open fractures: effect of time to irrigation and debridement","volume":"150","author":"Srour","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"r22-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200208000-00006","article-title":"The effect of time to definitive treatment on the rate of nonunion and infection in open fractures","volume":"16","author":"Harley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1308\/003588404322827491","article-title":"The effect of time delay on infection in open long-bone fractures: a 5-year prospective audit from a district general hospital","volume":"86","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"12","key":"r24-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00582","article-title":"Does timing to operative debridement affect infectious complications in open long-bone fractures? A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Schenker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"r25-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199504000-00006","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in grade II and III open tibia fractures with late debridement","volume":"9","author":"Kindsfater","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B3.32380","article-title":"Delayed debridement of severe open fractures is associated with a higher rate of deep infection","volume":"96-B","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00141-5","article-title":"Mutilating hand injuries: principles and management","volume":"19","author":"Neumeister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199507000-00005","article-title":"Management of the mangled hand and forearm","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"r29-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00547","article-title":"Timing of wound closure in open fractures based on cultures obtained after debridement","volume":"92","author":"Lenarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"r30-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.85343","article-title":"Principles in the management of a mangled hand","volume":"44","author":"Alphonsus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"r31-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000144859.73074.45","article-title":"High-pressure pulsatile lavage causes soft tissue damage","volume":"427","author":"Boyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"r32-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000182246.37454.b2","article-title":"High-pressure pulsatile lavage propagates bacteria into soft tissue","volume":"439","author":"Hassinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"27","key":"r33-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1508502","article-title":"FLOW Investigators. A trial of wound irrigation in the initial management of open fracture wounds","volume":"373","author":"Bhandari","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34-20230812","first-page":"596","article-title":"Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds (FLOW): a multicenter, blinded, factorial pilot trial comparing alternative irrigating solutions and pressures in patients with open fractures","volume":"71","author":"Petrisor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"r35-20230812","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Comparison of soap and antibiotic solutions for irrigation of lower-limb open fracture wounds. A prospective, randomized study","volume":"87","author":"Anglen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"12","key":"r36-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31826c19c4","article-title":"Comparison of the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine and saline for irrigating a contaminated open fracture model","volume":"26","author":"Penn-Barwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"r37-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2016031","article-title":"Irrigation solutions in open fractures of the lower extremities: evaluation of isotonic saline and distilled water","volume":"3","author":"Olufemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"SICOT J"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318239caaf","article-title":"Management of contaminated open fractures: a comparison of two types of irrigation in a porcine model","volume":"72","author":"Gaines","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r39-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B5.19286","article-title":"Irrigation of the wounds in open fractures","volume":"89","author":"Crowley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br."},{"issue":"3","key":"r40-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1988.01400270067010","article-title":"Duration of preventive antibiotic administration for open extremity fractures","volume":"123","author":"Dellinger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"r41-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03070100010002","article-title":"Replantation of severed arms","volume":"189","author":"Malt","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"r42-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769060-00001","article-title":"The type-IIIC tibial fracture. Salvage or amputation","volume":"69","author":"Hansen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"r43-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199005000-00007","article-title":"Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma","volume":"30","author":"Johansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"r44-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199408000-00002","article-title":"Mangled Extremity Severity Score: an accurate guide to treatment of the severely injured upper extremity","volume":"8","author":"Slauterbeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"r45-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000767","article-title":"MESS (Mangled Extremity Severity Score) 25 years on: time for a reboot?","volume":"79","author":"Johansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r46-20230812","first-page":"S93","article-title":"Predicting the need for early amputation in ballistic mangled extremity injuries","volume":"66","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"r47-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9902-4","article-title":"Management of upper extremity vascular injury: outcome related to the Mangled Extremity Severity Score","volume":"33","author":"Prichayudh","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 12","key":"r48-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000468","article-title":"Dealing with catastrophic outcomes and amputations in the mangled limb","volume":"29","author":"Cannada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"r49-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-4-4","article-title":"The mangled extremity and attempt for limb salvage","volume":"4","author":"Korompilias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"r50-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(96)00245-0","article-title":"Outcome and utility of scoring systems in the management of the mangled extremity","volume":"172","author":"Durham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r51-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199404000-00001","article-title":"Severe open fractures of the lower extremity: a retrospective evaluation of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS)","volume":"8","author":"McNamara","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r52-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200101000-00002","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of the lower-extremity injury-severity scores","volume":"83","author":"Bosse","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"r53-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318241ed70","article-title":"Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: management of the mangled extremity","volume":"72","author":"Scalea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"17-18","key":"r54-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.540293","article-title":"Mental health and satisfaction with life among upper limb amputees: a Norwegian population-based survey comparing adult acquired major upper limb amputees with a control group","volume":"33","author":"\u00d8stlie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"14-15","key":"r55-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001708878","article-title":"A two-year longitudinal study of social support following amputation","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"r56-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00129-3","article-title":"Fixation methods in contaminated wounds and massive crush injuries of the forearm","volume":"13","author":"Shea","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"r57-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.05.008","article-title":"Functional outcomes following bridge plate fixation for distal radius fractures","volume":"40","author":"Lauder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"r58-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200110000-00013","article-title":"The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of lower-extremity wounds with exposed bone","volume":"108","author":"DeFranzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"r59-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199706000-00002","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience","volume":"38","author":"Argenta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r60-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2004.12105.x","article-title":"Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Mou\u00ebs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"8","key":"r61-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181a2e2b6","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy after severe open fractures: a prospective randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Stannard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"r62-20230812","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Delayed flap reconstruction with vacuum-assisted closure management of the open IIIB tibial fracture","volume":"71","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(88)90193-1","article-title":"Emergency free flaps to the upper extremity","volume":"13","author":"Lister","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"r64-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198609000-00001","article-title":"Early microsurgical reconstruction of complex trauma of the extremities","volume":"78","author":"Godina","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"r65-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-44633","article-title":"Microvascular free-tissue transfer for traumatic defects of the upper extremity: a 25-year experience","volume":"19","author":"Derderian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"r66-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199203000-00014","article-title":"Microvascular soft-tissue transplantation for reconstruction of acute open tibial fractures: timing of coverage and long-term functional results","volume":"89","author":"Francel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r67-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00128-2","article-title":"Soft tissue coverage in devastating hand injuries","volume":"19","author":"Giessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"r68-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544170","article-title":"Soft tissue coverage of the mangled upper extremity","volume":"29","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r69-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2014.01.002","article-title":"Indications, selection, and use of distant pedicled flap for upper limb reconstruction","volume":"30","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"r70-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956234","article-title":"Free flap choice for soft tissue reconstruction of the severely damaged upper extremity","volume":"22","author":"Yildirim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"r71-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.12.007","article-title":"Masquelet technique for treatment of segmental bone loss in the upper extremity","volume":"40","author":"Micev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"r72-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","article-title":"The concept of induced membrane for reconstruction of long bone defects","volume":"41","author":"Masquelet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am."},{"issue":"9","key":"r73-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.05.021","article-title":"Treatment of infected forearm nonunions with large complete segmental defects using bulk allograft and intramedullary fixation","volume":"41","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"r74-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00934-3","article-title":"Vascularized bone grafts to the upper extremity. Indications and technique","volume":"8","author":"Gerwin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"r75-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00466-2","article-title":"The management of bone defects of the forearm after trauma","volume":"15","author":"Stevanovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"r76-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.01.014","article-title":"The reconstruction of large bone defects in the upper limb","volume":"44","author":"Gan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"r77-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199404000-00018","article-title":"Skeletal defects. A comparison of bone grafting and bone transport for segmental skeletal defects","volume":"301","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"r78-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80277-1","article-title":"Clinical results of the one-bone forearm","volume":"20","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"r79-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.325.9922","article-title":"The importance of rehabilitation concerning upper extremity amputees: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Soyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"r80-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.01.016","article-title":"Resilience, pain interference, and upper limb loss: testing the mediating effects of positive emotion and activity restriction on distress","volume":"97","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"r81-20230812","first-page":"193","article-title":"Psychological and social consequences after reconstruction of upper extremity trauma: methods of detection and management","volume":"30","author":"Galanakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"r82-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456030-00010","article-title":"The role of antibiotics in the management of open fractures","volume":"56","author":"Patzakis","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"r83-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2015.07.012","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in adults with open tibial fractures: what is the evidence for duration of administration? A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Isaac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r84-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000305536.09242.a6","article-title":"Routine use of wound vacuum-assisted closure does not allow coverage delay for open tibia fractures","volume":"121","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r85-20230812","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00545","article-title":"Delayed wound closure increases deep-infection rate associated with lower-grade open fractures: a propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01874474-201804000-00007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:43:05Z","timestamp":1787751785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01874474-201804000-00007"}},"subtitle":["A Critical Analysis Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.17.00131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}}}