{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:51:04Z","timestamp":1790819464779,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JBJS Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Assessment of chondral lesions begins with a clinical evaluation and radiographs.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Longitudinal follow-up with serial radiographs is appropriate in cases without evidence of aggressive radiographic features.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Concerning radiographic features include periosteal reaction, soft-tissue extension, cortical destruction, endosteal scalloping of greater than two-thirds of the native cortex, larger lesion size (\u22655 cm), and location in the axial skeleton.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Biomarkers such as IMP3, SOX4, microRNA, and periostin may be used as an adjunct in histologic assessment to help differentiate benign enchondroma from a low-grade chondrosarcoma.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Advanced-imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT), bone scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), may be considered for borderline cases.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Aggressive or concerning radiographic features should prompt evaluation with advanced imaging or referral to an orthopaedic oncologist.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T07:56:27Z","timestamp":1579420587000},"page":"e0054-e0054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Team Approach: Evaluation and Management of Low-Grade Cartilaginous Lesions"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor W.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery (C.W.S., J.M.K., H.M., and M.R.D.), Department of Radiology (M.C.), and Department of Pathology (D.J.), Albany 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