{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:50:43Z","timestamp":1793724643902,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JBJS Rev"],"abstract":"\n \n \n \u00bb Acute bacterial septic arthritis of the knee is an orthopaedic emergency and, if left untreated, can result in substantial joint degradation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \u00bb Important risk factors for development of septic arthritis include age of >60 years, recent bacteremia, diabetes, cancer, cirrhosis, renal disease, drug or alcohol abuse, a history of corticosteroid injection, a recent injury or surgical procedure, a prosthetic joint, and a history of rheumatoid arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \u00bb The diagnosis is primarily based on history and clinical presentation of a red, warm, swollen, and painful joint with limited range of motion. Laboratory values and inflammatory markers from serum and joint fluid may serve as adjuncts when there is clinical suspicion of septic arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n \u00bb The initial and general antibiotic regimen should cover methicillin-resistant\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The antibiotic regimen should be specified following the culture results of the infected joint.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \u00bb Operative management involves either arthrotomy or arthroscopy of the knee with thorough irrigation and debridement of all infected tissue. The G\u00e4chter classification is useful in establishing a prognosis or in determining the need for an extensive debridement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T10:16:40Z","timestamp":1578046600000},"page":"e0059-e0059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Bacterial Septic Arthritis of the Adult Native Knee Joint"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Elsissy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5391-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Wilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikenna","family":"Nwachuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirudh K.","family":"Gowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirav H.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Loma Linda, Loma Linda, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1-20230807","first-page":"440","article-title":"Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Mathews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9717","key":"r2-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61595-6","article-title":"Bacterial septic arthritis in adults","volume":"375","author":"Mathews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"r3-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1478","article-title":"Does 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