{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:35:44Z","timestamp":1787754944773,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Brachial plexus birth injury is an upper-extremity paralysis that occurs from a traction injury to the brachial plexus during birth. Approximately 10% to 30% of children with a brachial plexus birth injury have residual neurologic deficits with associated impact on upper-limb function.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Management of brachial plexus birth injuries with a multidisciplinary team allows optimization of functional recovery while avoiding unnecessary intervention. Early occupational therapy should be initiated with a focus on range of motion and motor learning.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb The need for microsurgical reconstruction of the brachial plexus can be predicted based on early physical examination findings, and reconstruction is generally performed at 3 to 9 months of age.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb The majority of children with residual neurologic deficits develop associated glenohumeral dysplasia. These children may require secondary procedures, including botulinum toxin injection, subscapularis and pectoralis lengthening, shoulder capsular release, shoulder tendon transfer, and humeral osteotomy.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T11:00:17Z","timestamp":1593601217000},"page":"e19.00200-e19.00200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Team Approach: Management of Brachial Plexus Birth Injury"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Schmieg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie C.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7863-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan","family":"Pehnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5243-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina W.","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9597-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apurva S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001089","article-title":"The epidemiology of brachial plexus birth palsy in the United States: declining incidence and evolving risk factors","volume":"39","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r2-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.11.006","article-title":"The association of clavicle fracture with brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"44","author":"Gandhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r3-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31817440e0","article-title":"Radial nerve palsy in the newborn: a report of four cases and literature review","volume":"28","author":"Monica","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.32965","article-title":"The Active Movement Scale: an evaluative tool for infants with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy","volume":"27","author":"Curtis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404000-00001","article-title":"The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy","volume":"93","author":"Michelow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181df8604","article-title":"Shoulder function after medial approach and derotational humeral osteotomy in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"30","author":"Abzug","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r7-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000699","article-title":"Relationships between 3 classification systems in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"37","author":"Greenhill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r8-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199905000-00006","article-title":"Comparison of the natural history, the outcome of microsurgical repair, and the outcome of operative reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"81","author":"Waters","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00455.x","article-title":"Neurological recovery in obstetric brachial plexus injuries: an historical cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Hoeksma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r10-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00463.x","article-title":"Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Pondaag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11-20230807","first-page":"81","article-title":"[Injuries of the brachial plexus and neighboring peripheral nerves in vertebral fractures and other trauma of the cervical spine]","volume":"16","author":"Narakas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"issue":"2","key":"r12-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813484089","article-title":"Bone age in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: effect of peripheral nerve injury on skeletal maturation","volume":"29","author":"Oktay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-008-9103-5","article-title":"Upper extremity size differences in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"3","author":"Bae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"6","key":"r14-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.01.039","article-title":"The prognostic value of concurrent phrenic nerve palsy in newborn babies with neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"40","author":"Yoshida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"r15-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813516195","article-title":"The prognostic value of concurrent Horner syndrome in extended Erb obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"29","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16-20230807","first-page":"37","article-title":"Treatment and Outcomes of Brachial Plexus Injuries (TOBI) Study Group. Early predictors of microsurgical reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"39","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"issue":"12","key":"r18-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00499","article-title":"Onabotulinum toxinA injection as an adjunct in the treatment of posterior shoulder subluxation in neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"92","author":"Ezaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000735","article-title":"External rotation predicts outcomes after closed glenohumeral joint reduction with botulinum toxin type A in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"38","author":"Greenhill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"r20-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01517","article-title":"The early effects of tendon transfers and open capsulorrhaphy on glenohumeral deformity in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"90","author":"Waters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"r21-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026193","article-title":"Severe obstetric brachial plexus palsies can be identified at one month of age","volume":"6","author":"Malessy","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"r22-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03607.x","article-title":"Indications and effects of botulinum toxin A for obstetric brachial plexus injury: a systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Gobets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.05.008","article-title":"Brachial plexus birth palsy: management during the first year of life","volume":"102","author":"Abid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.11.026","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"35","author":"Hale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r26-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2013.12.004","article-title":"Evaluation and management of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"45","author":"Abzug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.04.025","article-title":"Scapular stabilization limits glenohumeral stretching in children with brachial plexus injuries","volume":"44","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r30-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.09.014","article-title":"Serial casting and splinting of elbow contractures in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"35","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-014-9625-y","article-title":"An early shoulder repositioning program in birth-related brachial plexus injury: a pilot study of the Sup-ER protocol","volume":"9","author":"Verchere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)."},{"issue":"7","key":"r32-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980903578872","article-title":"Treatment of a brachial plexus injury using Kinesiotape and exercise","volume":"26","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80010-8","article-title":"Rehabilitation program for children with brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injury","volume":"7","author":"Ramos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15453\/2168-6408.1431","article-title":"Use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of brachial plexus palsy: a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Justice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"r35-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2014.12.006","article-title":"Therapeutic application of electrical stimulation and constraint induced movement therapy in perinatal brachial plexus injury: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Berggren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"r36-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3820","article-title":"High-resolution MRI evaluation of neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a promising alternative to traditional CT myelography","volume":"35","author":"Somashekar","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r37-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2013.03.024","article-title":"MR imaging of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Lutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"r38-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/jcis.JCIS_26_18","article-title":"Adding value to the magnetic resonance examination in a case of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"8","author":"Dsouza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"r39-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-006-0321-0","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of MRI and MR myelography in infants with a brachial plexus birth injury","volume":"36","author":"Medina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r40-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W199","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12862","article-title":"Brachial plexus birth palsy: multimodality imaging of spine and shoulder abnormalities in children","volume":"204","author":"Menashe","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r41-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1930","article-title":"Periscalene soft tissue: the new imaging hallmark in Erb palsy","volume":"31","author":"Wandler","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"r42-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00806","article-title":"Ultrasound screening for posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with persistent brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"99","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01116","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound and MRI for the diagnosis of glenohumeral dysplasia in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"99","author":"Donohue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r44-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200404000-00018","article-title":"Posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"86","author":"Moukoko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"r45-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050396","article-title":"The ultrasound diagnosis of posterior shoulder dislocation associated with Erb\u2019s palsy","volume":"28","author":"Hunter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r46-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00435","article-title":"Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of glenohumeral dysplasia in neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"98","author":"Eismann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r47-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.01.032","article-title":"Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging without sedation correlates with injury severity in brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"42","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r48-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31825611bd","article-title":"The intrarater and interrater reliability of glenoid version and glenohumeral subluxation measurements in neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"32","author":"Lippert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"18","key":"r49-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00540","article-title":"Quantification of humeral head deformity following neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"94","author":"Reading","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r50-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199609000-00002","article-title":"Glenoid version in children","volume":"16","author":"Mintzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"7","key":"r51-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274070-00009","article-title":"The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version","volume":"74","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r52-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2015.0039","article-title":"Imaging assessment of glenohumeral dysplasia secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"49","author":"Chagas-Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"issue":"5","key":"r53-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199805000-00007","article-title":"Glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"80","author":"Waters","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:35:19Z","timestamp":1787751319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}}}