{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:37Z","timestamp":1790738317566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          \u00bb The most common causative organism of pediatric osteomyelitis is\n                          <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus,<\/jats:italic>\n                          although, more recently, organisms such as\n                          <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Kingella kingae<\/jats:italic>\n                          and methicillin-resistant\n                          <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                          have been increasing in prevalence.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Magnetic resonance imaging is the best diagnostic imaging modality for pediatric osteomyelitis given its high sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Most cases of early osteomyelitis without a drainable abscess can be adequately treated with a short course of intravenous antibiotics followed by at least 3 weeks of oral antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Surgical management of pediatric osteomyelitis is usually indicated in the presence of an abscess and\/or failed treatment with antibiotic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Clinical examination, fever, and C-reactive protein testing should be used to guide the conversion to oral antibiotics, the total antibiotic regimen duration, and the need for an additional debridement surgical procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T17:05:04Z","timestamp":1592499904000},"page":"e19.00202-e19.00202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis in Children"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex L.","family":"Gornitzky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arin E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishaan","family":"Swarup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children\u2019s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy049","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute osteoarticular infections in children","volume":"23","author":"Le Saux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.05.012","article-title":"Osteoarticular infections in children","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r3-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1213956","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"370","author":"Peltola","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835c2b42","article-title":"Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: current concepts","volume":"25","author":"Dodwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"r5-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E477","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050477","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in a tertiary paediatric center","volume":"14","author":"Chiappini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r6-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017151929","article-title":"Hematogenous osteomyelitis in infants and children: imaging of a changing disease","volume":"283","author":"Jaramillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"r7-20230807","first-page":"S209","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: clinical characteristics and outcomes study","volume":"94","author":"Sukswai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"2","key":"r8-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-018-9644-2","article-title":"Pediatric septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in the USA: a national KID database analysis","volume":"15","author":"Safdieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"HSS J"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200105000-00003","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"r10-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g66","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g66","article-title":"Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"348","author":"Yeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"r11-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00007.x","article-title":"Duration of antibiotics in children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Vinod","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r12-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.09.009","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis: what have we learned from 30 years of clinical trials?","volume":"9","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2007.11.002","article-title":"Haematogenous osteomyelitis in children: epidemiology, classification, aetiology and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"r14-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B5.28523","article-title":"Haematogenous acute and subacute paediatric osteomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"94","author":"Dartnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"9","key":"r15-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00714","article-title":"Update in pediatric musculoskeletal infections: when it is, when it isn\u2019t, and what to do","volume":"24","author":"Arkader","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"r16-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001635","article-title":"Bone and joint infections","volume":"36","author":"Saavedra-Lozano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"8","key":"r17-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00037","article-title":"The impact of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines applied by a multidisciplinary team for the care of children with osteomyelitis","volume":"95","author":"Copley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix014","article-title":"Clinical care guideline for improving pediatric acute musculoskeletal infection outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Spruiell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"r19-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318186eb4b","article-title":"The impact of the current epidemiology of pediatric musculoskeletal infection on evaluation and treatment guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Gafur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"9","key":"r20-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12251","article-title":"Systematic review of duration and choice of systemic antibiotic therapy for acute haematogenous bacterial osteomyelitis in children","volume":"49","author":"Howard-Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"r21-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000441","article-title":"Nationwide survey of pediatric acute osteomyelitis in the USA","volume":"26","author":"Okubo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"r22-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-45","article-title":"Childhood osteomyelitis-incidence and differentiation from other acute onset musculoskeletal features in a population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Riise","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"r23-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01350","article-title":"Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: a population-based study, 1969 to 2009","volume":"97","author":"Kremers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fms044","article-title":"The epidemiology of pediatric bone and joint infections in Cambodia, 2007-11","volume":"59","author":"Stoesser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"r25-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B8.23413","article-title":"Chronic haematogenous osteomyelitis in children: a retrospective review of 167 patients in Malawi","volume":"92","author":"Beckles","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"11","key":"r26-20230807","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Epidemiology of paediatric surgical admissions to a government referral hospital in The Gambia","volume":"78","author":"Bickler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"r27-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.18.0138","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"19","author":"Thakolkaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"5","key":"r28-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg186","article-title":"Risk factors and treatment outcomes in osteomyelitis","volume":"51","author":"Tice","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6B","key":"r29-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90386-9","article-title":"Risk factors for osteomyelitis","volume":"78","author":"Wald","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2016.12.007","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Funk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31-20230807","first-page":"91","article-title":"[Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis due to ordinary germs in children with closed injuries. Study of a series of 44 cases]","volume":"57","author":"Manche","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"3","key":"r32-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2009.12.012","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis in children: the pathogenesis revisited?","volume":"96","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396315666190408114653","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis of skeletal system infections in children","volume":"15","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"r35-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199911000-00003","article-title":"Reduction in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis related to Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Howard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"r36-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.011","article-title":"Pediatric acute osteomyelitis in the postvaccine, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus era","volume":"33","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r37-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000242431.91489.b4","article-title":"Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r38-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31817bb816","article-title":"Changing trends in acute osteomyelitis in children: impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"28","author":"Saavedra-Lozano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1867","article-title":"Kingella kingae: an emerging pathogen in young children","volume":"127","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"r40-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-2032-3","article-title":"Current imaging concepts in pediatric osteomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Blickman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 14","key":"r41-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-S14-S12","article-title":"Modelling osteomyelitis","volume":"13","author":"Li\u00f2","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"r42-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018748","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A binds to osteoblasts and triggers signals that weaken bone in osteomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Claro","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"r43-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200","article-title":"Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r44-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0566","article-title":"Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children","volume":"117","author":"Bocchini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"r45-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300607","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of subacute or chronic osteomyelitis in children and young adults","volume":"43","author":"Auh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)."},{"issue":"3","key":"r46-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12115","article-title":"Paediatric bone and joint infections are more common in boys and toddlers: a national epidemiology study","volume":"102","author":"Grammatico-Guillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"r47-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200307000-00019","article-title":"Pelvic osteomyelitis in children: a comparison of decades from 1980-1989 with 1990-2001","volume":"23","author":"Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"r48-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1097\/bpo.0b013e31815a6616","article-title":"Imaging in pelvic osteomyelitis: support for early magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"27","author":"McPhee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"r49-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200302000-00008","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the pelvis in childhood: diagnostic clues and pitfalls","volume":"19","author":"Zvulunov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"r50-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1975.02120480007004","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in infants and children. A review of 163 cases","volume":"129","author":"Dich","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"r51-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1299","article-title":"Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"r52-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000002","article-title":"A proposed scoring system for assessment of severity of illness in pediatric acute hematogenous osteomyelitis using objective clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"33","author":"Copley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"18","key":"r53-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01154","article-title":"Differentiating between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children: an evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm","volume":"93","author":"Ju","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r54-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199501000-00008","article-title":"Serial serum C-reactive protein to monitor recovery from acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"14","author":"Roine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5","key":"r55-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181ab472d","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a shortened regimen of treatment for acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children","volume":"29","author":"Jagodzinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r56-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154616","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4616","article-title":"Role of operative or interventional radiology-guided cultures for osteomyelitis","volume":"137","author":"McNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"r57-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00477","article-title":"Microbiological culture methods for pediatric musculoskeletal infection: a guideline for optimal use","volume":"97","author":"Section","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"r58-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2014-0114","article-title":"Impact of antibiotic pretreatment on bone biopsy yield for children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis","volume":"5","author":"Zhorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"r59-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.1.59","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children","volume":"93","author":"Unkila-Kallio","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"r60-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0936-1","article-title":"Sensitivity of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in childhood bone and joint infections","volume":"468","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"r61-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E189","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12122","article-title":"C-reactive protein versus erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing bacteraemia in bone and joint infections","volume":"49","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"r62-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.673729","article-title":"Shortened hospital stay for childhood bone and joint infections: analysis of 265 prospectively collected culture-positive cases in 1983-2005","volume":"44","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"r63-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.5.849","article-title":"Early detection of sequela-prone osteomyelitis in children with use of simple clinical and laboratory criteria","volume":"24","author":"Roine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"r64-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0220","article-title":"Acute bacterial osteoarticular infections: eight-year analysis of C-reactive protein for oral step-down therapy","volume":"130","author":"Arnold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"r65-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-0888-8","article-title":"Optimal imaging strategy for community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children","volume":"38","author":"Browne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r66-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000880","article-title":"A clinical prediction algorithm to stratify pediatric musculoskeletal infection by severity","volume":"39","author":"Benvenuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r67-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199406000-00008","article-title":"The usefulness of C-reactive protein levels in the identification of concurrent septic arthritis in children who have acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. A comparison with the usefulness of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the white blood-cell count","volume":"76","author":"Unkila-Kallio","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"r68-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f55a89","article-title":"Short- versus long-term antimicrobial treatment for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of childhood: prospective, randomized trial on 131 culture-positive cases","volume":"29","author":"Peltola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5","key":"r69-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000811","article-title":"A novel classification system based on dissemination of musculoskeletal infection is predictive of hospital outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Mignemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"r70-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000879","article-title":"Validation and modification of a severity of illness score for children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis","volume":"39","author":"Athey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"r71-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.037275","article-title":"Biological variation of procalcitonin in healthy individuals","volume":"50","author":"Barassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"r72-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-8-19","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin is a sensitive and specific marker in the diagnosis of septic arthritis and acute osteomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Maharajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"r73-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina45080081","article-title":"The accuracy of different imaging techniques in diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis","volume":"45","author":"Malcius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"6","key":"r74-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.846","article-title":"Simplified treatment of acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis of childhood","volume":"99","author":"Peltola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11S","key":"r75-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2018.09.030","article-title":"Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. ACR appropriateness criteria acutely limping child up to age 5","volume":"15","author":"Safdar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r76-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199503000-00002","article-title":"Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of acute musculoskeletal infections in children","volume":"15","author":"Mazur","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"r77-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2416","article-title":"MRI for detection of abscess in acute osteomyelitis of the pelvis in children","volume":"189","author":"Connolly","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"8","key":"r78-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181fcbae5","article-title":"Clinical indications for repeat MRI in children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis","volume":"30","author":"Courtney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"r79-20230807","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children: assessment of skeletal scintigraphy-based diagnosis in the era of MRI","volume":"43","author":"Connolly","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r80-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/02841859809172219","article-title":"Clinical value of imaging techniques in childhood osteomyelitis","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"r81-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i8.530","article-title":"Role of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients","volume":"6","author":"Pugmire","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r82-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.1.8204132","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteomyelitis: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"189","author":"Morrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"r83-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.3.1535888","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in children: gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"182","author":"Dangman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"r84-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5730","article-title":"Community-acquired staphylococcal musculoskeletal infection in infants and young children: necessity of contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of growth cartilage involvement","volume":"198","author":"Browne","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"r85-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1557-2","article-title":"Clinical impact of gadolinium in the MRI diagnosis of musculoskeletal infection in children","volume":"40","author":"Kan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r86-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3400","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"192","author":"Averill","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"22","key":"r87-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00403","article-title":"Improved magnetic resonance imaging utilization for children with musculoskeletal infection","volume":"97","author":"Mueller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r88-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365040-00001","article-title":"The technetium phosphate bone scan in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in childhood","volume":"65","author":"Howie","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r89-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1992.tb03084.x","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis: early diagnosis by ultrasonography","volume":"36","author":"Taneja","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r90-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B1.8421042","article-title":"Ultrasound in diagnosis and management of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"75","author":"Howard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"r91-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e328332f4b5","article-title":"Pelvic osteomyelitis in children","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"issue":"1","key":"r92-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548.13.180077","article-title":"The effect of antibiotic timing on culture yield in paediatric osteoarticular infection","volume":"13","author":"van der Merwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"r93-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pis035","article-title":"Influence of culture results on management and outcome of pediatric osteomyelitis and\/or septic arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Wheeler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"r94-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181901c3a","article-title":"Comparative severity of pediatric osteomyelitis attributable to methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"29","author":"Hawkshead","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"r95-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922806289081","article-title":"Success of short-course parenteral antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis of childhood","volume":"46","author":"Bachur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)."},{"issue":"11","key":"r96-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199811000-00012","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of osteomyelitis in the era of sequential intravenous-oral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Karwowska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"r97-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000884","article-title":"Effects of antibiotic timing on culture results and clinical outcomes in pediatric musculoskeletal infection","volume":"39","author":"Benvenuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"r98-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000078901.26909.cf","article-title":"Culture-negative osteomyelitis","volume":"22","author":"Floyed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"r99-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pis108","article-title":"Significance of negative cultures in the treatment of acute hematogenous bone and joint infections in children","volume":"2","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"r100-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.01.481","article-title":"The role of bone biopsy in osteomyelitis\u2014utility or futility?","volume":"24","author":"Mikus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Interven Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r101-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.12.006","article-title":"Bone and joint infections","volume":"60","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r102-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000259954.88139.f4","article-title":"Specific real-time polymerase chain reaction places Kingella kingae as the most common cause of osteoarticular infections in young children","volume":"26","author":"Chometon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"r103-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181d4732f","article-title":"Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections in young children: clinical features and contribution of a new specific real-time PCR assay to the diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Ceroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"r104-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0810","article-title":"Detection of Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections in children by oropharyngeal swab PCR","volume":"131","author":"Ceroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"r105-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.64B2.6802854","article-title":"Treatment of acute osteomyelitis in childhood","volume":"64","author":"Cole","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"7","key":"r106-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO\/0b013e3181558981","article-title":"What would pediatric infectious disease consultants recommend for management of culture-negative acute hematogenous osteomyelitis?","volume":"27","author":"Afghani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r107-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03643.x","article-title":"Clindamycin vs. first-generation cephalosporins for acute osteoarticular infections of childhood\u2014a prospective quasi-randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Peltola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"r108-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i3.244","article-title":"Transitioning antimicrobials from intravenous to oral in pediatric acute uncomplicated osteomyelitis","volume":"5","author":"Batchelder","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"r109-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.01.007","article-title":"Short- versus long-course antibiotics in osteomyelitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"2","key":"r110-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0596","article-title":"Prolonged intravenous therapy versus early transition to oral antimicrobial therapy for acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"123","author":"Zaoutis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"r111-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.2822","article-title":"Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings Network. Comparative effectiveness of intravenous vs oral antibiotics for postdischarge treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children","volume":"169","author":"Keren","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"r112-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199603000-00017","article-title":"Subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis: are biopsy and surgery always indicated?","volume":"16","author":"Hamdy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"r113-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000427","article-title":"The use of C-reactive protein as a guide for transitioning to oral antibiotics in pediatric osteoarticular infections","volume":"36","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"r114-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir034","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"r115-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200207000-00017","article-title":"Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in osteoarticular infections in children","volume":"22","author":"Maraqa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r116-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001152","article-title":"Comparison of methicillin-resistant versus susceptible Staphylococcus aureus pediatric osteomyelitis","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"r117-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000136","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory parameters associated with multiple surgeries in children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis","volume":"34","author":"Tuason","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"r118-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181bd1e0c","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute musculoskeletal infection in children: a game changer","volume":"29","author":"Vander Have","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"r119-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199301000-00018","article-title":"Management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in the pediatric patient","volume":"12","author":"Dagan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"r120-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.09.014","article-title":"Recent lessons for the management of bone and joint infections","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"r121-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-23-01-29","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bone and joint infections in children","volume":"23","author":"Pendleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"r122-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000283","article-title":"Treatment of subperiosteal abscesses in children: is drainage of the intramedullary canal required?","volume":"26","author":"Montgomery","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"issue":"1","key":"r123-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002044","article-title":"Severity adjusted risk of long-term adverse sequelae among children with osteomyelitis","volume":"38","author":"Vorhies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"r124-20230807","first-page":"515","article-title":"Musculoskeletal infections in children: basic treatment principles and recent advancements","volume":"54","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"8","key":"r125-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2010.05.006","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis associated with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"96","author":"Bouchoucha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"r126-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200707000-00016","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis associated with osteomyelitis in children","volume":"89","author":"Hollmig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r127-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2009","article-title":"Venous thrombosis associated with staphylococcal osteomyelitis in children","volume":"117","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"r128-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01915","article-title":"Pathologic fractures in children with acute Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis","volume":"94","author":"Belthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r129-20230807","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200605000-00036","article-title":"Revised grades of recommendation for summaries or reviews of orthopaedic surgical studies","volume":"88","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1787751332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00202"}},"subtitle":["A Critical Analysis Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}}}