{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:43:33Z","timestamp":1790419413018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb While the majority of patients with trigger finger obtain excellent outcomes from nonoperative treatment or release of the A1 pulley, a subset of patients with advanced trigger finger, defined as trigger finger with loss of active or passive range of motion, may have incomplete symptom relief and warrant specific attention.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Advanced trigger finger is more refractory to complete symptom resolution from corticosteroid injection, and particular attention should be paid to incomplete improvement of flexion contractures.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Unlike simple trigger finger, the pathology in advanced trigger finger involves not only the A1 pulley but also the flexor tendon, including thickening and degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Progression toward surgical intervention should not be delayed when nonoperative measures fail, and specific attention should be paid to persistent inability to achieve full extension following A1 pulley release.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Facing substantial residual flexion contracture, reduction flexor tenoplasty and partial or complete resection of the superficialis tendon followed by hand therapy and splinting may be needed to allow patients to regain reliable full range of motion.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.21.00006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T18:25:29Z","timestamp":1631211929000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Current Concepts in the Management of Advanced Trigger Finger"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Pompeu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Aristega Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"},{"name":"Cornell University Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Altman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duretti T.","family":"Fufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY"},{"name":"Cornell University Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"r1-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e642","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00614","article-title":"Current Concepts in the Management of Trigger Finger in Adults","volume":"28","author":"Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.10.016","article-title":"Conservative management of trigger finger: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Lunsford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"1340","key":"r3-20230920","first-page":"187","article-title":"Conservative management of trigger finger","volume":"224","author":"Quinnell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"r5-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5285","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5285","article-title":"Acquired triggering of the fingers and thumb in adults","volume":"359","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"r6-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.007","article-title":"The association of hemoglobin A1c with the prevalence of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"37","author":"Vance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(96)80106-9","article-title":"Diabetes and trigger finger","volume":"21","author":"Blyth","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80024-3","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs","volume":"14","author":"Freiberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"r9-20230920","article-title":"Gouty Stenosing Tenosynovitis: Trigger Finger as a First Presentation of Tophaceous Gout","volume":"8","author":"Doucet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"r10-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006982","article-title":"Genetic Risk of Trigger Finger: Results of a Genomewide Association Study","volume":"146","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r11-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2007.02.016","article-title":"Outcome of open trigger digit release","volume":"32","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"10","key":"r12-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.027","article-title":"Sonographic appearance of the flexor tendon, volar plate, and A1 pulley with respect to the severity of trigger finger","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90200-U","article-title":"Pathobiology of the human A1 pulley in trigger finger","volume":"16","author":"Sampson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"r14-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.05.015","article-title":"Correlations between clinical presentations of adult trigger digits and histologic aspects of the A1 pulley","volume":"34","author":"Drossos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.01.009","article-title":"Sonographic analyses of pulley and flexor tendon in idiopathic trigger finger with interphalangeal joint contracture","volume":"40","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2004.03.004","article-title":"Trigger finger treatment by ulnar superficialis slip resection (U.S.S.R.)","volume":"29","author":"Le Viet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"12","key":"r17-20230920","first-page":"620","article-title":"Recalcitrant trigger finger managed with flexor digitorum superficialis resection","volume":"40","author":"Husain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"r18-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01514.x","article-title":"Trigger finger, tendinosis, and intratendinous gene expression","volume":"24","author":"Lundin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"11","key":"r19-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.07.026","article-title":"Resection of the flexor digitorum superficialis for trigger finger with proximal interphalangeal joint positional contracture","volume":"37","author":"Favre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.03.001","article-title":"Tendon disorders of the hand and wrist","volume":"35","author":"McAuliffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80068-1","article-title":"Dupuytren\u2019s disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Chammas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200107000-00004","article-title":"Trigger digits: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Saldana","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-007-9012-1","article-title":"Trigger finger: etiology, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Makkouk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"r24-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.10.1333","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonographic examination of the finger pulley system","volume":"24","author":"Boutry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193415615076","article-title":"The thickness of the A2 pulley and the flexor tendon are related to the severity of trigger finger: results of a prospective study using high-resolution ultrasonography","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"12","key":"r26-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15025","article-title":"Ultrasound Features of Trigger Finger: Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r27-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193415596497","article-title":"Comparative study on the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections between trigger fingers with and without proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture","volume":"41","author":"Shinomiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411415343","article-title":"Outcome of corticosteroid injection versus physiotherapy in the treatment of mild trigger fingers","volume":"37","author":"Salim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"5","key":"r29-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193416682917","article-title":"Evidence-based management of adult trigger digits","volume":"42","author":"Amirfeyz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"r30-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19980301-13","article-title":"Functional distal interphalangeal joint splinting for trigger finger in laborers: a review and cadaver investigation","volume":"21","author":"Rodgers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"3","key":"r31-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835519500334","article-title":"Percutaneous A1 Pulley Release Combined with Finger Splint for Trigger Finger with Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Flexion Contracture","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"r32-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1400897","article-title":"Intra-sheath versus extra-sheath ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection for trigger finger: a triple blinded randomized clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Mardani-Kivi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"2","key":"r33-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.03.045","article-title":"Management of Diabetic Trigger Finger","volume":"44","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"22","key":"r34-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00004","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following a single corticosteroid injection for trigger finger","volume":"96","author":"Wojahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"r35-20230920","article-title":"A Critical Appraisal of Adult Trigger Finger: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Outlook","volume":"7","author":"Brozovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"r36-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418756808","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing ketorolac and triamcinolone injections in adults with trigger digits","volume":"43","author":"Leow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"7","key":"r37-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.03.040","article-title":"Steroid injection versus NSAID injection for trigger finger: a comparative study of early outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Shakeel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r38-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.81.269","article-title":"Flexor pollicis longus rupture in a trigger thumb after intrasheath triamcinolone injections: a case report with literature review","volume":"81","author":"Nanno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193410382377","article-title":"Rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon after injections of insoluble steroid for a trigger finger","volume":"36","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.10.011","article-title":"Delayed flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus ruptures in a trigger finger after a steroid injection: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r41-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944718796559","article-title":"Steroid Injection and Open Trigger Finger Release Outcomes: A Retrospective Review of 999 Digits","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)."},{"issue":"8","key":"r42-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00693","article-title":"Trigger finger: prognostic indicators of recurrence following corticosteroid injection","volume":"90","author":"Rozental","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90124-8","article-title":"Trigger fingers and thumb: when to splint, inject, or operate","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"r44-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000818","article-title":"What Patient-related Factors are Associated with an Increased Risk of Surgery in Patients with Stenosing Tenosynovitis? A Prospective Study","volume":"477","author":"Sobel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"r45-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004761","article-title":"Outcomes of Corticosteroid Treatment for Trigger Finger by Stage","volume":"142","author":"Shultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r46-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker315","article-title":"Treatment of trigger finger: randomized clinical trial comparing the methods of corticosteroid injection, percutaneous release and open surgery","volume":"51","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"r47-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.06.023","article-title":"Factors Causing Prolonged Postoperative Symptoms Despite Absence of Complications After A1 Pulley Release for Trigger Finger","volume":"44","author":"Baek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r48-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2016.1194646","article-title":"The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Louw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"r49-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(81)80051-2","article-title":"Three complications of untreated partial laceration of flexor tendon\u2014entrapment, rupture, and triggering","volume":"6","author":"Schlenker","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r50-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-018-03676-4","article-title":"Stenosing tenosynovitis : Evaluation of percutaneous release with a specially designed needle vs. open surgery","volume":"48","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"issue":"9","key":"r51-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418774497","article-title":"Minimally invasive thread trigger digit release: a preliminary report on 34 digits of the adult hands","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"r52-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2016.02.011","article-title":"Thirty years of hand therapy: The 2014 practice analysis","volume":"29","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"r53-20230920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200605000-00036","article-title":"Revised grades of recommendation for summaries or reviews of orthopaedic surgical studies","volume":"88","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1787751639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00006"}},"subtitle":["A Critical Analysis Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.21.00006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}