{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:29:57Z","timestamp":1792211397035,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Calf strain is a common condition. In high-performance athletes, calf strain contributes to a substantial absence from competition.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Player age and history of a calf strain or other leg injury are the strongest risk factors for calf strain injury and reinjury.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Although the diagnosis is often clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are valuable to confirm the location of the strain and the grade of injury.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Nonoperative treatment is effective for most calf strain injuries. Operative management, although rarely indicated, may be appropriate for severe cases with grade-III rupture or complications.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the benefits of blood flow restriction therapy, deep water running, lower-body positive pressure therapy, platelet-rich plasma, and stem cell therapy for calf strain rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.21.00183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T14:08:49Z","timestamp":1647958129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Calf Strain in Athletes"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy M.","family":"Meek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Kucharik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Eberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Naessig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Rudisill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1263-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-009-9045-8","article-title":"Gastrocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to differentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries","volume":"2","author":"Bryan Dixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"r2-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098362","article-title":"Connective tissue injury in calf muscle tears and return to play: MRI correlation","volume":"52","author":"Prakash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"r3-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097177","article-title":"Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury","volume":"51","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"r4-20240731","first-page":"427","article-title":"Tennis leg: mechanism of injury and radiographic presentation","volume":"77","author":"Pacheco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conn Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2241011067","article-title":"Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US","volume":"224","author":"Delgado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"r6-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2006.7.3.193","article-title":"Diagnosis and follow-up US evaluation of ruptures of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (\u201ctennis leg\u201d)","volume":"7","author":"Kwak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"r7-20240731","first-page":"327","article-title":"Diagnosis and rehabilitation of gastrocnemius muscle tear: a case report","volume":"57","author":"Nsitem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Can Chiropr Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097865","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injury profiles in professional Women\u2019s Tennis Association players","volume":"52","author":"Dakic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9-20240731","first-page":"137","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions in collegiate tennis athletes","volume":"20","author":"Colberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Tennis"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024930","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries in Danish championship tennis","volume":"10","author":"Winge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"r11-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520922547","article-title":"Incidence of lower extremity injury in the National Football League: 2015 to 2018","volume":"48","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116680344","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116680344","article-title":"Acute gastrocnemius-soleus complex injuries in National Football League athletes","volume":"5","author":"Werner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r13-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13552","article-title":"Calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian Football players: a descriptive epidemiological evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513476270","article-title":"Results of 2 decades of injury surveillance and public release of data in the Australian Football League","volume":"41","author":"Orchard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r15-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(01)80030-X","article-title":"A prospective study of injuries in basketball: a total profile and comparison by gender and standard of competition","volume":"4","author":"McKay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513518741","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity injuries in elite female soccer players","volume":"42","author":"Nilstad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r17-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512470634","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity muscle injury in professional soccer: the UEFA Injury Study","volume":"41","author":"H\u00e4gglund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"r18-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092383","article-title":"Muscle injury rates in professional football increase with fixture congestion: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study","volume":"47","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r19-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395879","article-title":"Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer)","volume":"39","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"r20-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.027540","article-title":"Risk factors for injuries in elite female soccer players","volume":"40","author":"Faude","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"r21-20240731","first-page":"489","article-title":"Management of muscle and tendon injuries in footballers","volume":"32","author":"Orchard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2564-7","article-title":"MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play","volume":"46","author":"Waterworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r23-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000292","article-title":"Muscular calf injuries in runners","volume":"15","author":"Fields","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"r24-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520959327","article-title":"Return to play and recurrence after calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian football players","volume":"48","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"Spec No","key":"r25-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc16s103","article-title":"Traumatic musculotendinous injuries of the knee: diagnosis with MR imaging","volume":"20","author":"Bencardino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2006.06.011","article-title":"Sports-related muscle injury in the lower extremity","volume":"25","author":"Armfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117696019","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis of calf injuries","volume":"9","author":"Bright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"r30-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-007-0306-6","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings of injuries to the calf muscle complex","volume":"36","author":"Koulouris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115595226","article-title":"Pattern of fascicular involvement in midportion Achilles tendinopathy at ultrasound","volume":"7","author":"Counsel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"r32-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2729-z","article-title":"MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players","volume":"46","author":"Pezzotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700306","article-title":"Strains of the posterior calf musculature (\u201ctennis leg\u201d)","volume":"7","author":"Millar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r35-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09662-8","article-title":"Exercise-associated muscle cramps in the tennis player","volume":"13","author":"Troyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"r36-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4722","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4722","article-title":"Acute Achilles tendon rupture","volume":"351","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"r37-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2007.09.007","article-title":"US evaluation and diagnosis of rupture of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (tennis leg)","volume":"10","author":"Flecca","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"issue":"6","key":"r38-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-012-0190-z","article-title":"Traumatic injuries of thigh and calf muscles in athletes: role and clinical relevance of MR imaging and ultrasound","volume":"3","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"r39-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830975","article-title":"Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries","volume":"183","author":"Connell","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"r40-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505274714","article-title":"Muscle injuries: biology and treatment","volume":"33","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r41-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12008","article-title":"Surgical treatment of gastrocnemius muscle ruptures","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"r43-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e493","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00347","article-title":"Blood flow restriction therapy: where we are and where we are going","volume":"28","author":"Vopat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"r44-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097071","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r45-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.04.014","article-title":"Blood flow restricted exercise for athletes: a review of available evidence","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"r46-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0795-y","article-title":"Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lixandr\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"r47-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.09.005","article-title":"The efficacy of blood flow restricted exercise: a systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Slysz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"r48-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520964454","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training for athletes: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Wortman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r49-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.06.005","article-title":"A review on muscle activation behaviour during gait in shallow water and deep-water running and surface electromyography procedures","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2014-0129","article-title":"The properties of water and their applications for training","volume":"44","author":"Torres-Ronda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2012.02.1958","article-title":"Deep-water running: a practical review of the literature with an emphasis on biomechanics","volume":"40","author":"Killgore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"6","key":"r52-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1747-5","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land","volume":"111","author":"Alberton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"r53-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.05.017","article-title":"Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications","volume":"1","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"4","key":"r54-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.019","article-title":"Muscle activity during different styles of deep water running and comparison to treadmill running at matched stride frequency","volume":"37","author":"Masumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"r55-20240731","first-page":"62","article-title":"Muscle activity during running in water and on dry land: matched physiology","volume":"35","author":"Masumoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"r56-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.09.029","article-title":"Lower limb EMG activation during reduced gravity running on an incline. Speed matters more than hills irrespective of indicated bodyweight","volume":"83","author":"Whiteley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"r57-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2019.05.021","article-title":"Effect of body weight support on muscle activation during walking on a lower body positive pressure treadmill","volume":"48","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r58-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001750","article-title":"No differences between Alter G-trainer and active and passive recovery strategies on isokinetic strength, systemic oxidative stress and perceived muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"32","author":"Cooke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"r59-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1123\/JSR.2013-0032","article-title":"Muscle activity during running with different body-weight-support mechanisms: aquatic environment versus body-weight-support treadmill","volume":"23","author":"Mercer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"r60-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.039","article-title":"Does platelet-rich plasma lead to earlier return to sport when compared with conservative treatment in acute muscle injuries? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Sheth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"r61-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9527-7","article-title":"Current clinical recommendations for use of platelet-rich plasma","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r62-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-018-0139-3","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of muscle injuries - recommendations from the GOTS expert meeting","volume":"5","author":"Hotfiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r63-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2017.1349307","article-title":"The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of gastrocnemius strains: a retrospective observational study","volume":"29","author":"Borrione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"10","key":"r64-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514541540","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of hamstring injuries: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"A Hamid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"r65-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1402340","article-title":"Dutch Hamstring Injection Therapy (HIT) Study Investigators. Platelet-rich plasma injections in acute muscle injury","volume":"370","author":"Reurink","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"r66-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094603","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma does not enhance return to play in hamstring injuries: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r67-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24212","article-title":"Biomaterial and stem cell-based strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Dunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"r68-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03093-6","article-title":"Adult stem cells at work: regenerating skeletal muscle","volume":"76","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"r69-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12416","article-title":"Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries","volume":"10","author":"Qazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"9","key":"r70-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511415239","article-title":"Intramuscular transplantation of muscle-derived stem cells accelerates skeletal muscle healing after contusion injury via enhancement of angiogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Ota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"r71-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142031","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies","volume":"130","author":"Biressi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"r72-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000188206.54984.65","article-title":"Return to play following muscle strains","volume":"15","author":"Orchard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"r73-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967115595802","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115595802","article-title":"Return to play after soleus muscle injuries","volume":"3","author":"Pedret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"r74-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100666","article-title":"Time before return to play for the most common injuries in professional football: a 16-year follow-up of the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study","volume":"54","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r75-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290030801","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for muscle strains in Australian football","volume":"29","author":"Orchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r76-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.028","article-title":"Is there a potential relationship between prior hamstring strain injury and increased risk for future anterior cruciate ligament injury?","volume":"95","author":"Opar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"r77-20240731","first-page":"169","article-title":"To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance","volume":"20","author":"McHugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"7","key":"r78-20240731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434070-00003","article-title":"Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship","volume":"34","author":"Witvrouw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:38:40Z","timestamp":1787751520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.21.00183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}