{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:32:27Z","timestamp":1789507947704,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head is the result of ischemic injury to the epiphyseal bone leading to humeral head collapse and arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Common causes include trauma, chronic corticosteroid use, or systemic disease processes, such as sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, or alcohol abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Nonoperative treatment consists of risk factor management, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and activity modification.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\u00bb Surgical treatment options include arthroscopic debridement, core decompression, vascularized bone grafts, and shoulder arthroplasty.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.23.00014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T14:00:18Z","timestamp":1687874418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Humeral Head Avascular Necrosis"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4991-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli K.","family":"Cehelyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5710-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin D.","family":"Stull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manan S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, 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