{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:48:25Z","timestamp":1787827705442,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lack of a gold standard in tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) diagnosis leads to diagnostic inconsistencies and variation in patient selection for treatment. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the diagnostic criteria used in current studies on TTS based upon this best-evidence synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three databases were searched to identify all studies on TTS. Studies were included when they included (1) diagnosis or treatment of TTS as the primary focus, (2) a description of the diagnosis of TTS, (3) an original data set of TTS cases, and (4) a minimum of 10 adult patients diagnosed with TTS. A best-evidence synthesis was used to summarize the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 4,213 patients were represented in 82 included studies. Among the varying diagnostic methods employed, aside from clinical symptoms, provocative testing was most often used (in 94% of studies, mandatory for diagnosis in 41% of studies) with the Tinel sign being the most prevalent (used in 89% of studies). Sensitivities of provocative tests, electrodiagnostic, and ultrasound measurements showed significant variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provided an overview of the diagnostic tools and workups reported in the literature on TTS. Our findings show that the lack of a standardized diagnostic approach results in considerable variability in clinical practice. Alongside typical clinical symptoms, the Tinel sign is the most frequently used diagnostic test. The varying sensitivities reported in literature underscore the need for evidence-based diagnostic guidelines on TTS diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diagnostic\n                      <jats:underline>Level III<\/jats:underline>\n                      . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.25.00222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T19:00:22Z","timestamp":1770663622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in Diagnosing Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Across the Literature"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0873-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Boers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Haverkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7964-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Merijn","family":"Eligh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5164-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Castro","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Henk","family":"Coert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem D.","family":"Rinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand, and Wrist Surgery, ZGT\/MST, Twente, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01632852","article-title":"Zur Pathologie der plantar Nerven","volume":"58","author":"Von Malaise","year":"1918","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Nervenheilk"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196244010-00015","article-title":"The tarsal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"44-A","author":"Keck","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7270","key":"r3-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)91024-3","article-title":"A tarsal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Lam","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.10.007","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a literature review","volume":"18","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4478","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004478","article-title":"Lower extremity nerve decompression for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"r6-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005860","article-title":"Advances in interventional therapies for painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"7","key":"r7-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22409","article-title":"Selecting a prospective test for early detection of diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"35","author":"Ruhdorfer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"r8-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2632","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist","volume":"370","author":"Salameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"r9-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"r10-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001061","article-title":"2015 updated method guideline for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group","volume":"40","author":"Furlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.10.014","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: outcome according to etiology","volume":"61","author":"Lalev\u00e9e","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2021.06.009","article-title":"Predictive factors of effective tibial nerve release in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Bouysset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640020905423","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided proximal and distal tarsal decompression: an analysis of pressures in the tarsal, medial plantar, and lateral plantar tunnels","volume":"14","author":"Iborra Marcos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Spec"},{"key":"r15-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.06.042","article-title":"Artery transposition using indocyanine green for tarsal tunnel decompression","volume":"141","author":"Fujihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"r16-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309499020971868","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499020971868","article-title":"Comparison of tunnel ligament release instrument assisted minimally open surgery and conventional open surgery in the treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"G\u00fclta\u00e7","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r17-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5114\/pq.2020.96229","article-title":"Post-burn tarsal tunnel syndrome response to extracorporeal shock wave therapy","volume":"28","author":"Mowafy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiother Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"r18-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2019.04.009","article-title":"Intraoperative nerve monitoring for tarsal tunnel decompression: a surgical technique to improve outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Still","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"r19-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.095","article-title":"The impact of tarsal tunnel syndrome on cold sensation in the pedal extremities","volume":"92","author":"Kokubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22378","article-title":"Evaluation of peripheral microcirculation improvement of foot after tarsal tunnel release in diabetic patients by transcutaneous oximetry","volume":"36","author":"Trignano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"r21-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2014-0090","article-title":"Neurovascular bundle decompression without excessive dissection for tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"r22-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3182764fb0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of superimposed, lower extremity, peripheral nerve entrapments with diabetic and idiopathic neuropathy","volume":"70","author":"Valdivia Valdivia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r23-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306372","article-title":"Prevention of ulceration, amputation, and reduction of hospitalization: outcomes of a prospective multicenter trial of tibial neurolysis in patients with diabetic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Dellon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r24-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306371","article-title":"A positive Tinel sign as predictor of pain relief or sensory recovery after decompression of chronic tibial nerve compression in patients with diabetic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Dellon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"r25-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-011-0890-y","article-title":"Anatomical bases of endoscopic tarsal tunnel release: anatomical and ultra-sonographic study with a preliminary clinical report","volume":"33","author":"El Shazly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2010.08.010","article-title":"A touch pressure sensory assessment of the surgical treatment of the tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Gondring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"r27-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.05.017","article-title":"Effects of nerve mobilization exercise as an adjunct to the conservative treatment for patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Kavlak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"r28-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2008.10.003","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: assessment of treatment outcome with an anatomic pain intensity scale","volume":"15","author":"Gondring","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"r29-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2009.0741","article-title":"Short-term operative outcome of tarsal tunnel syndrome due to benign space-occupying lesions","volume":"30","author":"Sung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076086","article-title":"Outcome of neurolysis for failed tarsal tunnel surgery","volume":"24","author":"Barker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076089","article-title":"Results of decompression of four medial ankle tunnels in the treatment of tarsal tunnels syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Mullick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"r32-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200112000-00011","article-title":"The dorsiflexion-eversion test for diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9584.2002.00304.x","article-title":"Traumatic tarsal tunnel syndrome: the outcome of surgical decompression","volume":"8","author":"Alpar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r34-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-002-0351-7","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: the effect of the associated features on outcome of surgery","volume":"26","author":"Urg\u00fcden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"r35-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(98)80062-8","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathy: the etiology of intractable chronic heel pain syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Hendrix","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r36-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050122","article-title":"The tarsal tunnel syndrome: evaluation of surgical results using multivariate analysis","volume":"21","author":"Baba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"r37-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199506000-00005","article-title":"Treatment of hyperesthetic neuropathic pain in diabetics decompression of the tarsal tunnel","volume":"221","author":"Wieman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"r38-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199408000-00012","article-title":"Clinical results after tarsal tunnel decompression","volume":"76","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2019.08.014","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel release restores sensations in sole for diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r40-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-1559-1","article-title":"Results of ultrasound-guided release of tarsal tunnel syndrome: a review of 81 cases with a minimum follow-up of 18 months","volume":"15","author":"Iborra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"r41-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506286344","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome in athletes","volume":"34","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r42-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.7547\/0950451","article-title":"Surgical treatment of peripheral neuropathy: outcomes from 100 consecutive decompressions","volume":"95","author":"Valdivia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400205","article-title":"Outcome of surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Sammarco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"r44-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B4.0810607","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by ganglia","volume":"81","author":"Nagaoka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079801900203","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis, surgical technique, and functional outcome","volume":"19","author":"Bailie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"r46-20260209","first-page":"35","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a study of the clinical and neurophysiological results of decompression","volume":"43","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"issue":"343","key":"r47-20260209","first-page":"151","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome. Outcome of surgery in longstanding cases","author":"Turan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"r48-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199406000-00008","article-title":"Electrophysiologic studies in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Diagnostic reliability of motor distal latency, mixed nerve and sensory nerve conduction studies","volume":"73","author":"Galardi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"r49-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500703","article-title":"Clinical results following revision tibial nerve release","volume":"15","author":"Skalley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"r50-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197011000-00026","article-title":"Tarsal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Linscheid","year":"1970","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"r51-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2006.05.001","article-title":"Results of surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Jerosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"r52-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400203","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome and additional nerve lesions in the same limb","volume":"14","author":"Sammarco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"3","key":"r53-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2176\/jns-nmc.2022-0245","article-title":"Patient satisfaction with surgery for tarsal- and carpal-tunnel syndrome: comparative study","volume":"63","author":"Kokubo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"5","key":"r54-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103485","article-title":"Unusual entrapment symptomatology treated in 115 cases by neurolysis of the common fibular nerve at the fibular head combined with neurolysis of the posterior tibial nerve at the tarsal tunnel","volume":"109","author":"Cottias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"r55-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009699","article-title":"Does lower extremity nerve decompression surgery improve quality of life?","volume":"150","author":"Fakkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"r56-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2022.102201","article-title":"The effects of tibial nerve mobilization in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Leblebicier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r57-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2024_91-404","article-title":"Zig-zag skin incision for treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Shirokane","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nippon Med School"},{"issue":"6","key":"r58-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007241232663","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes between positive and negative electrodiagnosis in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"45","author":"Rungprai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"r59-20260209","article-title":"Detecting presence of tarsal tunnel syndrome in type II diabetic patients using clinical, radiological and electrodiagnostic studies: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"r60-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2176\/jns-nmc.2025-0115","article-title":"Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome and postoperative outcomes","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"14","key":"r61-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00198","article-title":"The association between body mass index, HbA1c levels, and tarsal tunnel syndrome: a clinical and neurophysiological study","volume":"16","author":"Abo Omirah","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"r62-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.2176\/jns-nmc.2022-0118","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"4","key":"r63-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0404.2003.00224.x","article-title":"An electrophysiological severity scale in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Mondelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"r64-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(99)80023-9","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence of a relationship between idiopathic carpal and tarsal tunnel syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Mondelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"r65-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(98)00039-3","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiological findings and follow-up in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Mondelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r66-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-020-09871-y","article-title":"Surgical efficacy analysis of tarsal tunnel syndrome: a retrospective study of 107 patients","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"issue":"8","key":"r67-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.02.033","article-title":"The natural history of tarsal tunnel syndrome in diabetic subjects","volume":"73","author":"Rinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r68-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2014.08.013","article-title":"Results of surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Reichert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r69-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdm.2009.05.004","article-title":"Entrapment of medial plantar nerve [tarsal tunnel syndrome] in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an electrophysiological study","volume":"1","author":"Husain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Mellit"},{"issue":"8","key":"r70-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.8.1035","article-title":"Ultrasonography in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r71-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199603)19:3<285::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Pressure perception in the normal lower extremity and in the tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Tassler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"r72-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2012.02.002","article-title":"The triple compression stress test for diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Abouelela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot (Edinb)"},{"issue":"2","key":"r73-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199103000-00018","article-title":"MR imaging in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Kerr","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"r74-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.10.999","article-title":"The near-nerve sensory nerve conduction in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"r75-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050404","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: electrophysiological study","volume":"5","author":"Oh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r76-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-014-0082-9","article-title":"Role of ultrasound in posteromedial tarsal tunnel syndrome: 81 cases","volume":"17","author":"Fantino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"issue":"1","key":"r77-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E37","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731747","article-title":"Predictive outcome modeling of preoperative clinical symptoms and electrodiagnostic data in tarsal tunnel surgery","volume":"16","author":"Seidel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"r78-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400309","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and the evaluation of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Frey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"14","key":"r79-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143065","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided near-nerve needle sensory technique for the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Vega-Zelaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"r80-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004839","article-title":"Validity of the Tinel sign and prevalence of tibial nerve entrapment at the tarsal tunnel in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects: a cross-sectional study","volume":"142","author":"Rinkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r81-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5763","article-title":"High-resolution MR neurography: evaluation before repeat tarsal tunnel surgery","volume":"197","author":"Chhabra","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"r82-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135379","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1135379","article-title":"The role of ultrasound-guided perineural injection of the tibial nerve with a sub-anesthetic dosage of lidocaine for the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Iborra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"r83-20260209","first-page":"35455","article-title":"The course of tarsal tunnel syndrome after ultrasound-guided injections","volume":"14","author":"Atesok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"issue":"7","key":"r84-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.012","article-title":"Proposed sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Tawfik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"r85-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2021.6797","article-title":"Assessment of the frequency of tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Kal\u00e7\u0131k \u00dcnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"r86-20260209","first-page":"375","article-title":"Prevalence of tarsal tunnel syndrome during third trimester of pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Sawant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"r87-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2021.7952","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"36","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r88-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4246-x","article-title":"The prevalence of tarsal tunnel syndrome in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"r89-20260209","first-page":"95","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, electrophysiological and ultrasound study","volume":"49","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alex J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r90-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.02.021","article-title":"Can the axial cross-sectional area of the tibial nerve be used to diagnose tarsal tunnel syndrome? An ultrasonography study","volume":"107","author":"Fantino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"r91-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_320_17","article-title":"Value of motor nerve conduction studies in the diagnosis of idiopathic tarsal tunnel syndrome: a single-center prospective observational study from India","volume":"21","author":"Sodani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r92-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B1.1991745","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome. Causes and results of operative treatment","volume":"73","author":"Takakura","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"r93-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/20.3.148","article-title":"Prevalence of the tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Baylan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"r94-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000141379.55618.87","article-title":"Prognostic ability of Tinel sign in determining outcome for decompression surgery in diabetic and nondiabetic neuropathy","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"r95-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123374","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic testing and nerve ultrasound of the carpal tunnel in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Heiling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r96-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.3.565","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Perkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"r97-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26628","article-title":"Development of grading scales of pedal sensory loss using Mokken scale analysis on the Rotterdam Diabetic Foot Study Test Battery data","volume":"60","author":"Rinkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"r98-20260209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2025_92-206","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a clinical review","volume":"92","author":"Yoshida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.25.00222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1787751550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.25.00222"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Review and a Call for Standardization"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.25.00222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}