{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:37:22Z","timestamp":1790833042926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"plain\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is an uncommon closed-space infection of the hand that can result in severe stiffness and other sequela.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb When PFT is recognized and treated with antibiotics before advanced disease, surgery is often unnecessary to achieve a cure.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb Physical examination features are helpful in differentiating PFT from other finger infections, particularly when considered together in aggregate.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb Laboratory values such as systemic inflammatory markers are usually normal in early cases of PFT and are more likely to be elevated in other diagnoses like cellulitis.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb Imaging findings such as x-ray, ultrasound, and computed tomography scan remain investigational and are not routinely used to make the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\u00bb Stiffness and contracture are the most common sequela and benefit from early motion and hand therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.26.00015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T18:00:39Z","timestamp":1776448839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Management of Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis"],"prefix":"10.2106","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2429-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Proal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0690-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8177-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"r1-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0143-z","article-title":"Radial and ulnar bursae of the wrist: cadaveric investigation of regional anatomy with ultrasonographic-guided tenography and MR imaging","volume":"35","author":"Aguiar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2020.03.005","article-title":"Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: evaluation and management","volume":"36","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"r3-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B5.0780793","article-title":"Tissue pressures in pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis of the finger. Compartment syndrome and its management","volume":"78","author":"Schnall","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4-20260417","first-page":"277","article-title":"Phlegmon of the tendon sheaths [in French]","volume":"28","author":"Michon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Chir"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200708000-00011","article-title":"Factors affecting the prognosis of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"89","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"r6-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717692089","article-title":"Differentiation between pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis and other finger infections","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"4","key":"r7-20260417","first-page":"228","article-title":"Acute hand infections","volume":"99","author":"Rerucha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1700370","article-title":"Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: evaluation and treatment strategies","volume":"11","author":"Chapman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Microsurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r9-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199607000-00006","article-title":"Hand infections: treatment recommendations for specific types","volume":"4","author":"Abrams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"281","key":"r10-20260417","first-page":"212","article-title":"Acute gonococcal flexor tenosynovitis in an adolescent male with pharyngitis. A case report and literature review","author":"Schaefer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"r11-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.02.040","article-title":"Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis resulting from a fingerstick glucose test","volume":"92","author":"Sobraske","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r12-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.08.002","article-title":"Suppurative tenosynovitis and septic bursitis","volume":"19","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193408087071","article-title":"Purulent flexor tenosynovitis: factors influencing the functional outcome","volume":"33","author":"Dailiana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"6","key":"r14-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy381","article-title":"A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiologya","volume":"67","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-9053(87)80056-X","article-title":"Bacterial flexor tenosynovitis in the hand. A series of 68 cases","volume":"6","author":"Sokolow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Chir Main"},{"issue":"8","key":"r17-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447221092058","article-title":"Contrast enhanced computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"18","author":"Myers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"5","key":"r18-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.01.013","article-title":"Radiographic soft tissue thickness differentiating pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis from other finger infections","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"r19-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.02.007","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis in pediatric patients","volume":"42","author":"Brusalis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"r20-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.08.094","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory blood markers for purulent flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"38","author":"Bishop","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2 pt 1","key":"r21-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90027-0","article-title":"Use of sonography in the early detection of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"14","author":"Schecter","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000604","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound in the evaluation of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"31","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.1.24474","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound identification of infectious flexor tenosynovitis in the emergency department","volume":"16","author":"Padrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r24-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2024.08.009","article-title":"Beyond cellulitis: unveiling the urgency of infectious flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"r25-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.01.028","article-title":"Flexor tenosynovitis using ultrasound","volume":"56","author":"Sexton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26-20260417","first-page":"235","article-title":"Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis by point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department","volume":"2","author":"Hubbard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.09.015","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of complex hand infections: a case series","volume":"48","author":"Marvel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.049","article-title":"Evaluation of hand infections in the emergency department using point-of-care ultrasound","volume":"15","author":"Haidar","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r29-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2017.12.004","article-title":"Usefulness of ultrasound for the diagnosis of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: a prospective single-center study of 57 cases","volume":"37","author":"Jardin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1236-z","article-title":"Current opinions regarding the management of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: a survey of Pulvertaft Hand Trauma Symposium attendees","volume":"47","author":"Bolton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447211043187","article-title":"Antibiotics versus surgery in treatment of early flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"18","author":"Latario","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(78)80141-5","article-title":"Closed tendon sheath irrigation for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"3","author":"Neviaser","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"r33-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(91)90069-V","article-title":"Catheter irrigation for treatment of pyogenic closed space infections of the hand","volume":"44","author":"Gosain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r34-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200210000-00003","article-title":"Closed-catheter irrigation is as effective as open drainage for treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"49","author":"Gutowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"r35-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944716675131","article-title":"Comparison of open drainage versus closed catheter irrigation for treatment of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"12","author":"Born","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"3","key":"r36-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00064-011-0023-0","article-title":"Die Sp\u00fcl-Saug-Drainage zur Behandlung von Infektionen der Beugesehnenscheide an der Hand","volume":"23","author":"Pillukat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oper Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"r37-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193415570248","article-title":"A systematic review of the management of acute pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"40","author":"Giladi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000164","article-title":"Closed continuous irrigation with lidocaine and immediate mobilization for treatment of pyogenic tenosynovitis","volume":"21","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"r39-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e3181bef5a3","article-title":"Use of continuous marcaine irrigation in the management of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"13","author":"Gaston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-06-373","article-title":"Flexor tendon sheath infections of the hand","volume":"20","author":"Draeger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r41-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05269-7","article-title":"Delayed debridement affects prognosis in patients with purulent flexor tenosynovitis: a retrospective cohort and multivariate analyses","volume":"144","author":"Fujihara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-016-2587-5","article-title":"Treatment of digital pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: single open debridement, irrigation, and primary wound closure followed by antibiotic therapy","volume":"137","author":"Hohendorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"r43-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2022.07.006","article-title":"Use of antibiotics in pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"41","author":"Dujeux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"16","key":"r44-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01205","article-title":"Corticosteroids as an adjunct to antibiotics and surgical drainage for the treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"92","author":"Draeger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"r45-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001510","article-title":"Septic tenosynovitis of the hand: factors predicting need for subsequent d\u00e9bridement","volume":"136","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"r46-20260417","first-page":"e47","article-title":"Association of bacterial etiology with rates of reoperation in patients with septic tenosynovitis of the hand","volume":"22","author":"Congiusta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413517203","article-title":"Parameters affecting the severity and outcome of pyogenic digital flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"40","author":"Karagergou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r48-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810412500190","article-title":"Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: one year's experience at a UK hand unit and a review of the current literature","volume":"17","author":"Nikkhah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hand Surg"},{"key":"r49-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2024.05.039","article-title":"Systematic review of treatment for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis of the hand","volume":"96","author":"Forder","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/2000656X.2019.1657434","article-title":"Conservative treatment for pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: a single institution experience","volume":"54","author":"Frenkel Rutenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2024.08.017","article-title":"Operative versus nonoperative management of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis: an analysis of the national readmissions database","volume":"7","author":"Sawyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"r52-20260417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200605000-00036","article-title":"Revised grades of recommendation for summaries or reviews of orthopaedic surgical studies","volume":"88","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["JBJS Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.26.00015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:22:02Z","timestamp":1787750522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.26.00015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.26.00015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}