{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:32:38Z","timestamp":1793449958616,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Zoological Society of Japan","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoological Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The family Sicariidae comprises the genera Hexophthalma, Sicarius and Loxosceles. This latter is subdivided in eight monophyletic groups based on genitalia morphology and molecular analyses: amazonica, gaucho, laeta, and spadicea (South America); reclusa (North America); rufescens (Mediterranean); spinulosa and vonwredei (Africa). In Brazil, the genus Loxosceles is represented by 50 species. The mitotic and meiotic characteristics of eight Loxosceles species were analyzed in order to discuss the chromosome evolution, as well as the correspondence between cytogenetic data and morphological\/molecular data for the delimitation of the South American groups of species belonging to this genus. All species studied in this work showed 2n\u2642 = 23, including a X1X2Y sex chromosome system (SCS). Despite the similarity of diploid number and SCS, the species studied here differed regarding the chromosome morphology of some autosomal pairs, presence of secondary constrictions, size of X chromosomes and localization of Ag-NOR\/rDNA sites. Based on all these chromosomal data, we verified a close relationship between Loxosceles species belonging to the amazonica and gaucho groups. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of spread pachytene cells of L. gaucho showed regular synapsis between homologous autosomal chromosomes, but asynaptic behavior of the sex chromosomes. The axial elements of the sex chromosomes undergo conspicuous morphological modifications resulting in shortening of their length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2108\/zs190128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T02:19:12Z","timestamp":1585880352000},"page":"128-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Venomous Loxosceles Species (Araneae, Haplogynae, Sicariidae) from Brazil: 2n\u2642 = 23 and X1X2Y Sex Chromosome System as Shared Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.2108","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Douglas","family":"Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Setor de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Bairro Universit\u00e1rio, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle Cristina","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, UFMT, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Av. Fernando C\u00f4rrea da Costa, 2367, 78060-900, Cuiab\u00e1, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adilson Ariza","family":"Zacaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa - UFV, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s\/n\u00b0, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Vi\u00e7osa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edson Gabriel","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Departamento de Biologia, Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, S\u00e3o Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Laborat\u00f3rio Especial de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Domingos","family":"Brescovit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Laborat\u00f3rio Especial de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Knysak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Laborat\u00f3rio Especial de Cole\u00e7\u00f5es Zool\u00f3gicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doralice Maria","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"848","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"CD Allis, T Jenuwein, D Reinberg,  \"Epigenetics.\"  ,  (2007)"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"ESS \u00c1lvares, T Rodrigues, M de Maria,  \"Revta Ib\u00e9rica Aracnol.\"  10, \"On Loxosceles anomala (Mello-Leit\u00e3o) (Araneae: Sicariidae).\" 293 (2004)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Araujo, CA Rheims, AD Brescovit, et al.  \"J Zool Syst Evol Res.\"  46, \"Extreme degree of chromosome number variability in species of the spider genus Scytodes (Araneae, Haplogynae, Scytodidae).\" 89 (2008)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.2007.00457.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Araujo, MC Schneider, E Paula-Neto, et al.  \"Meiosis \u2013 Molecular Mechanisms and Cytogenetic Diversity.\"  , \"Sex chromosomes and meiosis in spiders: a review.\" 87 (2012)","DOI":"10.5772\/31612"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"D Araujo, MC Schneider, E Paula-Neto, et al.  \"The spider cytogenetic database version 8.0.\"  ,  (2019)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KC Barbaro, MV Souza, L Morhy, et al.  \"J Protein Chem.\"  15, \"Compared chemical properties of dermonecrotic and lethal toxins from spiders of the genus Loxosceles (Araneae).\" 337 (1996)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01886859"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"W Be\u00e7ak  and ML Be\u00e7ak  \"Rev Bras Biol.\"  20, \"Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o cromoss\u00f4mica de duas esp\u00e9cies de aranhas do g\u00eanero \u201cLoxosceles\" 425 (1960)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Bertani, CS Fukushima, RH Nagahama,  \"J Arachnol.\"  38, \"Loxosceles chapadensis (Araneae: Sicariidae) a new recluse species of the gaucho group from Brazil.\" 364 (2010)","DOI":"10.1636\/A09-92.1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GJ Binford, MS Callahan, MR Bodner, et al.  \"Mol Phyl Evol.\"  49, \"Phylogenetic relationships of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders are consistent with Western Gondwanan vicariance.\" 538 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.08.003"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GJ Binford, MR Bodner, MHJ Cordes, et al.  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  26, \"Molecular evolution, functional variation, and proposed nomenclature of the gene family that includes Sphingomyelinase D in sicariid spider venoms.\" 547 (2009)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn274"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Checchi  and J Engebrecht  \"Mol Reprod Dev.\"  78, \"Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes: Navigating Meiosis without a Homologous Partner.\" 623 (2011)","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.21369"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Chemisquy, SG Rodr\u00edguez-Gil, CL Scioscia, et al.  \"Gen Mol Biol.\"  31, \"Cytogenetic studies on three Lycosidae species from Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae).\" 857 (2008)","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572008005000022"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Coluccia, AM Deiana, R Cannas, et al.  \"Hydrobiologia.\"  557, \"Study of the nucleolar organizer regions in Palinurus elephas (Crustacea: Decapoda).\" 5 (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-005-1302-2"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM de Andrade, R Bertani, RH Nagahama, et al.  \"ZooKeys.\"  175, \"Loxosceles niedeguidonae (Araneae, Sicariidae) a new species of brown spider from Brazilian semi-arid region.\" 27 (2012)","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.175.2259"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"MO Diaz  and FA Saez  \"Mem Inst Butantan.\"  33, \"Karyotypes of South-American Araneida.\" 153 (1966)"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Forman, P Nguyen, V Hula, et al.  \"Cytog Gen Res.\"  141, \"Sex chromosome pairing and extensive NOR polymorphism in Wadicosa fidelis (Araneae: Lycosidae).\" 43 (2013)","DOI":"10.1159\/000351041"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"JF Franco  and JM And\u00eda  \"Bioma April.\"  , \"El cari\u00f3tipo de Sicarius sp. 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Version 19.5.\"  ,  (2019)"}],"container-title":["Zoological Science"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:56:37Z","timestamp":1793447797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/zoological-science\/volume-37\/issue-2\/zs190128\/Venomous-Loxosceles-Species-Araneae-Haplogynae-Sicariidae-from-Brazil--2n\/10.2108\/zs190128.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2108\/zs190128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0289-0003","2212-3830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0289-0003","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-3830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]}}}