{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:54:05Z","timestamp":1791244445585,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Zoological Society of Japan","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoological Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemonefish have a characteristic vertical white barred color pattern on an orange background made by a specific distribution of three types of pigment cells: melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. This color pattern is an interesting alternative model to zebrafish to understand the cellular and molecular basis of complex color pattern formation. Using transmission electron microscopic observations, we have investigated the pigment cell composition in the skin of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris and found that: 1) white skin comprises iridophores and isolated melanophores; 2) orange skin contains xanthophores and scattered melanophores; and 3) black skin encompasses melanophores only. All three pigment cells can be found in the dermis. Iridophores are also present in the hypodermis, but general cell morphology differs depending on the dermal layer, distinguishing them into S-type and L-type iridophores. While melanophores can mix with xanthophores and iridophores, xanthophores and iridophores are not in direct physical contact, always being separated by melanophores. Anemonefish with differing color patterns than A. ocellaris, either color mutants or other anemonefish species, possess different pigment cell distribution and organization reflecting their respective colors. Our analysis provides key data to inform on the mechanism generating the diversity of color patterns present in anemonefishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2108\/zs240092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:39:53Z","timestamp":1750131593000},"page":"389-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anemonefish Chromatophore Distribution and Organization Revealed by TEM Studies"],"prefix":"10.2108","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Minato","family":"Miyake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Chian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Salis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Biologie Int\u00e9grative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Oc\u00e9anologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno M.","family":"Humbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provost Office, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saori","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Neuroethology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Laudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Klann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"848","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MH Amiri  and HM Shaheen  \"Micron.\"  43, \"Chromatophores and color revelation in the blue variant of the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens).\" 159 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2011.07.002"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JT Bagnara, PJ Fernandez, R Fujii,  \"Pigment Cell Res.\"  20, \"On the blue coloration of vertebrates.\" 14 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00360.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Burton,  \"Microsc Res Tech.\"  58, \"The physiology of flatfish chromatophores.\" 481 (2002)","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10166"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Djurdjevi\u010d, ME Kreft, S Su\u0161nik Bajec,  \"J Anat.\"  227, \"Comparison of pigment cell ultrastructure and organisation in the dermis of marble trout and brown trout, and first description 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\"Nat Commun.\"  6, \"Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons.\" 6368 (2015)","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7368"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Zarnescu,  \"Micron.\"  38, \"Ultrastructure of the skin melanophores and iridophores in paddlefish, Polyodon spathula.\" 81 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2006.03.015"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Zhao, X Ge, K Jiang, et al.  \"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).\"  13, \"Ultrastructure and regulation of color change in blue spots of leopard coral trout Plectropomus leopardus.\" 984081 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.984081"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NJ Marshall, F Cortesi, F de Busserolles, et al.  \"J Fish Biol.\"  95, \"Colours and colour vision in reef fishes: Past, present and future research directions.\" 5 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13849"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JT Bagnara, JD Taylor, ME Hadley,  \"J Cell Biol.\"  38, \"The dermal chromatophore unit.\" 67 (1968)","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.38.1.67"}],"container-title":["Zoological Science"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:09:49Z","timestamp":1791241789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/zoological-science\/volume-42\/issue-4\/zs240092\/Anemonefish-Chromatophore-Distribution-and-Organization-Revealed-by-TEM-Studies\/10.2108\/zs240092.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2108\/zs240092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0289-0003","2212-3830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0289-0003","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-3830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}