{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:51:42Z","timestamp":1791244302530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Zoological Society of Japan","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zoological Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The selection of settlement sites by larvae is a crucial event in the life cycle of sessile animals, as they are usually unable to migrate after settlement and metamorphosis into sessile forms. For example, some species prefer hydrophilic substrates, whereas others prefer hydrophobic substrates. Understanding larval preferences for substrates will provide an essential basis for controlling biofouling. In this study, we focused on the water wettability of substrates for settlement and investigated larval substrate preference in three ascidian species, Phallusia philipinennsis, Ascidia sydneiensis, and Ciona robusta (= C. intestinalis type A), using a four-choice assay with substrates of different water wettability (contact angle of a water droplet): silicone rubber (115\u00b0), polyvinyl chloride (80\u00b0), glass (31\u00b0), and hydrophilic film SH2CLHF (14\u00b0). In some regions of the world, A. sydneiensis and C. robusta are often noted as invasive species and are serious biofoulants. In all three species, larvae showed a significant preference for more hydrophobic substrates, and none settled on the most hydrophilic substrate, that is, SH2CLHF. It is difficult to explain why ascidian larvae prefer a more hydrophobic substrate, since hydrophobic materials, such as silicon, are often used as antifouling measures. This inconsistent substrate preference can be applied to mitigate biofouling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2108\/zs250022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T03:05:33Z","timestamp":1753931133000},"page":"478-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ascidian Larvae Prefer Hydrophobic Substrates for Settlement"],"prefix":"10.2108","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Noburu","family":"Sensui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Ginowan, Okinawa 901-2720, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euichi","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"848","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Aldred  and AS Clare  \"Biofouling.\"  30, \"Mini-review: Impact and dynamics of surface fouling by solitary and compound ascidians.\" 259 (2014)","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.866653"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Astudillo, KMY Leung, TC Bonebrake,  \"Mar Environ Res.\"  122, \"Seasonal heterogeneity provides a niche opportunity for ascidian invasion in subtropical marine communities.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.09.001"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Bouchemousse, JDD Bishop, F Viard,  \"Sci Rep.\"  6, \"Contrasting global genetic patterns in two biologically similar, widespread and invasive Ciona species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea).\" 24875 (2016)","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24875"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Callow, JA Callow, LK Ista, et al.  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components in a model tunicate.\" 20190197 (2019a)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0197"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"BFJ Manly, LL McDonald, DL Thomas, et al.  \"Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies.\"  (2002)"}],"container-title":["Zoological Science"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:56:36Z","timestamp":1791240996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/zoological-science\/volume-42\/issue-5\/zs250022\/Ascidian-Larvae-Prefer-Hydrophobic-Substrates-for-Settlement\/10.2108\/zs250022.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2108\/zs250022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0289-0003","2212-3830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0289-0003","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-3830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}