{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:46:26Z","timestamp":1765305986582,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The electromagnetic-wave attenuation coefficient determines the overall resolution and effective penetration depth of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. Despite this relevance to the design of proper GPR surveys, the attenuation expressions are rarely used in the applied shallow groundwater research (SGR) literature. This work examines the status of the attenuation expressions in SGR. For this, 73 GPR case studies (in 47 papers), including some information concerning the attenuation variables and parameters, were selected to build a database. From these, 18 cases (in 10 papers) provided attenuation expressions and only 11 cases (in 4 papers) used those expressions. Two types of expressions were identified, physically based global ones that try to solve a broad (but not complete) range of environmental and field technical conditions, and non-global ones adapted for specific geological environments and resolution needed. The database analysis showed that both global and non-global expressions were used exclusively in low-loss media to report an attenuation range of 0.1\u201321.5 dB m\u22121 by using common antenna frequencies in the 25\u2013900 MHz range. The range of the attenuation expressions validity in SGR is biased because no surveys in variable-loss heterogeneous media and wider antenna frequency intervals could be compiled. The attenuation database generated seeks to improve the design of GPR surveys in SGR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2113\/jeeg19-039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T16:42:47Z","timestamp":1607013767000},"page":"153-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ground Penetrating Radar Attenuation Expressions in Shallow Groundwater Research"],"prefix":"10.32389","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maria Catarina","family":"Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 CIQuiBio-IPS, Barreiro School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"},{"name":"2 Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"4 Instituto de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, 7500138 Santiago, Chile"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"2613","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120913384804700_i1083-1363-25-1-153-Algeo1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algeo,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Van Dam,\n              R.L.,\n             and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSlater,L.,\n          2016,\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly-time GPR: A method to monitor spatial variations in soil water content during irrigation in clay soils:\n\t\t\t\t\tVadose Zone Journal,\n\t\t\t\t\t15,\n\t\t\t\t\t11.","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2016.03.0026"},{"key":"2025120913384804700_i1083-1363-25-1-153-Annan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annan,\n              A.P.,\n            \n          \n          2009,\n\t\t\t\t\tElectromagnetic principles of ground penetrating radar:\n\t\t\t\t\tInGround Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications,\n\t\t\t\t\tJolH.M. 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(ed. ).\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier,\n\t\t\t\t\tAmsterdam,\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53348-7.00002-8"},{"key":"2025120913384804700_i1083-1363-25-1-153-Chang1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang,\n              P.Y.,\n            \n            \n              Alumbaugh,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Brainard,\n              J.,\n             and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHall,L.,\n          2004,\n\t\t\t\t\tThe application of ground penetrating radar attenuation tomography in a vadose zone infiltration experiment:\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Contaminant Hydrology,\n\t\t\t\t\t71,\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2003.09.011"},{"key":"2025120913384804700_i1083-1363-25-1-153-Clement1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clement,\n              W.P.,\n            \n            \n              Barrash,\n              W.,\n             and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKnoll,M.D.,\n          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data measured at the Boise Hydrogeophysics Research Site:\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Applied Geophysics,\n\t\t\t\t\t99,\n\t\t\t\t\t114\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2013.08.007"},{"key":"2025120913384804700_i1083-1363-25-1-153-Zurek1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurek,\n              A.J.,\n            \n            \n              Witczak,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Dulinski,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Wachniew,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Rozanski,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Kania,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Postawa,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Karczewski,\n              J.,\n             and\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMoscicki,W.J.,\n          2015,\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantification of anthropogenic impact on groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystem using geochemical 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