{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1776771521995,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SPE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>BP Resources Canada Ltd. is operating an oxygen in-situ oil recovery pilot at Marguerite Lake, part of the Cold Lake heavy-oil deposit in eastern Alberta. The pilot consists of two principal areas: a three-well, wet air combustion test and an infill-drilled, four five-spot, wet oxygen combustion project on 2 hectare spacing (5 acres). All the wells were initially steam fractured and steam operated through several cycles. Thereafter, selected wells were converted to air or enriched-air i njectors.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Eight adiabatic combustion-tube tests were conducted at the University of Calgary on reservoir materials under various conditions. During several, but not all, of the tests small amounts of hydrogen gas were produced in a discontinuous fashion. In contrast to this, most wells in the field have produced hydrogen, some consistently as high as 20 mole percent.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The present study was undertaken in order to better understand the flow and reaction processes that generate hydrogen in situ and thereby to suggest ways of influencing its production. The results are interpreted in terms of five reaction processes involving hydrogen: aquathermolysis, thermolysis, coke gasification, the water-gas shift reaction and methanation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>It is concluded that the hydrogen is generated by the coke gasification reaction followed by the water-gas shift reaction. Methanation processes also play an important role. Thermal cracking is a minor contributor to the gas production and aquathermolysis is negligible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2118\/13661-ms","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,20]],"date-time":"2007-12-20T18:35:49Z","timestamp":1198175749000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hydrogen Generation During In-Situ Combustion"],"prefix":"10.2118","author":[{"given":"L. E.","family":"Hajdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BP Resources Canada Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Hallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BP Resources Canada Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. D. L.","family":"Vorndran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BP Resources Canada Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"861","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101118254134900_R1","unstructured":"Hyne, J.B., : \"Aquathermolysis of Heavy Oils\", The Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Second International Unitar Conference, Venezuela(1977), 404\u2013411."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R2","unstructured":"Hayashitani, M., Bennion, D.W., Donnelly, J.K., and Moore, R.G.: \"Thermal Cracking of Athabasca Bitumen\", The Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Second International Unitar Conference, Venezuela(1977), 233\u2013247."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2118\/12815-PA","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Summary for Underground Coal Gasification","author":"Davis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Pet. Tech."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R4","unstructured":"Lal, D., Otto, F.D., and Mather, A.E.: \"Solubility of CO, H2 and CO-H2 Mixtures in Athabasca Bitumen\", Proceedings of the 34th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Quebec City(September, 1984)510\u2013513."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Measurement and Correlation of Viscosity and Gas Solubility for Marguerite Lake Bitumen Saturated with Carbon Dioxide","author":"Mehrotra","year":"1984","journal-title":"AOSTRA J. Research"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R6","article-title":"Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Elements and Compounds","author":"United Catalyst Inc."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss, J.T., and Cady, G.V.: \"Laboratory Investigation of the Oxygen Combustion Process for Heavy Oil Recovery\", Paper SPE 10706 presented at the 1982 California Regional Meeting, San Francisco(March, 1982).","DOI":"10.2523\/10706-MS"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R11","article-title":"Laboratory Experiments Simulating Fire Flooding Through a Fractured Reservoir","author":"Miller","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R12","article-title":"Laboratory Combustion Tube Studies","author":"Fassihi","year":"1981"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R13","article-title":"Bodcau In-Situ Combustion Project; Produced Fluid Analyses","author":"Fulford","year":"1981"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulford, R.S.\n          : \"Produced Fluid Changes during a Fireflood\", Paper SPE 9005 presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Stanford, California(May, 1980).","DOI":"10.2523\/9005-MS"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R7","unstructured":"Guntermann, K., Gudenau, H.W., and Mohtadi, M.: \"Mathematical Modelling of the In-Situ Coal Gasification Process\", Proceedings of the Eight Underground Coal Conversion Symposium, (August, 1982)297\u2013306."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R8","article-title":"Wet Combustion \u2013 A Tertiary Recovery Process for the Pembina Cardium Reservoir","author":"Ejiogu","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pet. Soc. of CIM"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.2118\/296-PA","article-title":"Factors Affecting Fuel Availability and Composition During In-Situ Combustion","author":"Alexander","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Pet. Tech."},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R15","article-title":"Essai de Laboratoire Pour L'Etude de la Combustion In-Situ","author":"Bardon","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024101118254134900_R16","article-title":"The Use of Hydrogen-Free Carbon Monoxide with Steam in Recovery of Heavy Oil at Low Temperatures","author":"Hyne","year":"1984"}],"event":{"name":"SPE California Regional Meeting","location":"Bakersfield, California","acronym":"85CRM","start":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,27]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,29]]}},"container-title":["SPE California Regional Meeting"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/SPEWRM\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.2118\/13661-MS\/3691498\/spe-13661-ms.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/SPEWRM\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.2118\/13661-MS\/3691498\/spe-13661-ms.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T18:25:50Z","timestamp":1728671150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/SPEWRM\/proceedings\/85CRM\/85CRM\/SPE-13661-MS\/61333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,27]]},"references-count":16,"aliases":["10.2523\/13661-ms"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2118\/13661-ms","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,3,27]]},"article-number":"SPE-13661-MS"}}