{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:15:33Z","timestamp":1765178133033},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":49,"publisher":"Research Square Platform LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>Leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is a rare neurological disorder caused by the mutations in the <jats:italic>DARS2<\/jats:italic> gene, which encodes the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of <jats:italic>DARS2<\/jats:italic> mutations on cell processes through evaluation of LBSL patient stem cell derived cerebral organoids and neurons. We generated human cerebral organoids (hCOs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of seven LBSL patients and three healthy controls using an unguided protocol. Single cells from 70-day-old hCOs underwent SMART-seq2 sequencing and multiple bioinformatic analysis tools were applied to high-resolution gene and transcript expression analyses. To confirm hCO findings, iPSC-derived neurons (iNs) were generated by overexpressing Neurogenin 2 using lentiviral vector to study neuronal growth, splicing of <jats:italic>DARS2<\/jats:italic> exon 3 and DARS2 protein expression. Global gene expression analysis demonstrated dysregulation of a number of genes involved in mRNA metabolism and splicing processes within LBSL hCOs. Importantly, there were distinct and divergent gene expression profiles based on the nature of the <jats:italic>DARS2<\/jats:italic> mutation. At the transcript level, pervasive differential transcript usage and differential spliced exon events that are involved in protein translation and metabolism were identified in LBSL hCOs. Single-cell analysis of <jats:italic>DARS2<\/jats:italic> (exon 3) showed that some LBSL cells exclusively express transcripts lacking exon 3, indicating that not all LBSL cells can benefit from the \u201cleaky\u201d nature common to splice site mutations. Live cell imaging revealed neuronal growth defects of LBSL iNs, which was consistent with the finding of downregulated expression of genes related to neuronal differentiation in LBSL hCOs. DARS2 protein was downregulated in iNs compared to iPSCs, caused by increased exclusion of exon 3. At the gene- and transcript-level, we uncovered that dysregulated RNA splicing, protein translation and metabolism may underlie at least some of the pathophysiological mechanisms in LBSL. The scope and complexity of our data imply that DARS2 is potentially involved in transcription regulation beyond its canonical role of aminoacylation. Nevertheless, our work highlights transcript-level dysregulation as a critical, and relatively unexplored, mechanism linking genetic data with neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2603446\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T23:14:46Z","timestamp":1677539686000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mutations in DARS2 result in global dysregulation of mRNA metabolism and splicing"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Guang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amena Smith","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyao","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moser Center for Leukodystrophies at Kennedy Krieger, Kennedy Krieger Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"8761","reference":[{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu026","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation: clinical and genetic characterization and target for therapy","volume":"137","author":"Berge L","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Berge, L., E.M. 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