{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T09:15:58Z","timestamp":1753521358835},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":42,"publisher":"Research Square Platform LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>Background\n Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia with an estimated 4.2 million annual cases and 61% of the population living in areas at risk of malaria transmission. Throughout the country <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> are co-endemic, and Duffy expression is highly heterogeneous. The public health significance of Duffy negativity in relation to <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria in Ethiopia, however, remains unclear.\nMethods\n A total of 9,580 and 4,667 subjects from community and health facilities from a malaria endemic site and an epidemic-prone site in western Ethiopia were enrolled and examined for <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection and Duffy expression. Association between Duffy expression, <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections were examined for samples collected from asymptomatic community volunteers and symptomatic subjects from health centers.\nResults\n Among the community-based cross-sectional samples, infection rate of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> among the Duffy positives was 2\u201322 fold higher than among the Duffy negatives. Parasite positivity rate was 10\u201350 fold higher in Duffy positive than Duffy negatives among samples collected from the health center settings and mixed <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections were significantly more common than <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> mono infections among Duffy negative individuals. <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> parasitemia measured by 18sRNA parasite gene copy number was similar between Duffy positives and Duffy negatives.\nConclusions\n Duffy negativity does not offer complete protection against infection by <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, and cases of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> in Duffy negatives are widespread in Ethiopia, being found in asymptomatic volunteers from communities and in febrile patients from health centers. These findings offer evidence for consideration when developing control and intervention strategies in areas of endemic <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> and Duffy heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3385916\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T22:58:15Z","timestamp":1696373895000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Plasmodium Vivax Infections in Duffy Negatives From Community and Health Center Collections in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delenasaw","family":"Yewhalaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jimma University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hemming-Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brook","family":"Jeang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endalew","family":"Zemene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jimma University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Degefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jimma University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"8761","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-019-0090-z","article-title":"Burden of malaria in Ethiopia, 2000\u20132016: findings from the Global Health Estimates 2016","volume":"5","author":"Girum T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Girum T, Shumbej T, Shewangizaw M. 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