{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T23:11:00Z","timestamp":1768086660272,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p><bold>Objective: <\/bold>Regular physical activity (PA) promotes mental and physical health. Nevertheless, inactivity is a worldwide pandemic, and methods to augment exercise benefits are required. The constrained disorder principle (CDP) characterizes biological systems based on their inherent variability. We aimed to investigate the association between intra-individual variability in PA and disability among non-athlete adults.\n<bold>Methods: <\/bold>In this retrospective analysis of the longitudinal SHARE survey, we included non-disabled adults aged &gt;50 with at least six visits over 14 years. Self-reported PA frequency was documented bi- to triennially. <italic>Low PA<\/italic> intensity was defined as vigorous PA frequency less than once a week. <italic>Stable PA<\/italic> was described as an unchanged PA intensity in all consecutive middle observations. The primary outcome was defined as a physical limitation in everyday activities at the end of the survey. Secondary outcomes were cognitive functions, including short-term memory, long-term memory, and verbal fluency.\n<bold>Results: <\/bold>The study included 2,049 non-disabled adults with a mean age of 53 and 49.1% women. In the initially <italic>high PA<\/italic> intensity group, variability in PA was associated with increased physical disability prevalence (23.3% vs. 33.2%, <italic>stable<\/italic> vs. <italic>unstable<\/italic> <italic>PA<\/italic>; P&lt;0.01; adjusted P&lt;0.01). In the initially <italic>low PA<\/italic> intensity group, variability was associated with a reduced physical disability (45.6% vs. 33.3%, <italic>stable<\/italic> vs. <italic>unstable PA<\/italic>; P=0.02; adjusted P=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in cognitive parameters between the groups. Among individuals with the same low PA intensity at the beginning and end of follow-up, variability was associated with reduced physical disability (56.9% vs. 36.5%, <italic>stable<\/italic> vs. <italic>unstable<\/italic> <italic>PA<\/italic>; P=0.02; adjusted P=0.04) and improved short-term memory (score change: -0.28 vs. +0.29, <italic>stable<\/italic> vs. <italic>unstable PA<\/italic>; P=0.05).\n<bold>Conclusion: <\/bold>Incorporating variability into PA regimens of inactive adults may enhance their physical and cognitive benefits.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3671709\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T19:51:17Z","timestamp":1703015477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Variability in exercise is linked to improved age-related dysfunctions: A potential role for the constrained-disorder principle-based second-generation artificial intelligence system"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaron","family":"Ilan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ilan@hadassah.org.il"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-023-00318-3","article-title":"Evidence-based yet still challenging! 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Physical Exercise and Mental Health: The Routes of a Reciprocal Relation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":". WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva, 2020."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"CD005381","article-title":"Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment","volume":"2","author":"Angevaren M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar H, et al. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. 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