{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:33:05Z","timestamp":1722558785107},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>Hard-to-reach communities represent Peru's main challenge for malaria elimination, but information about transmission in these areas is scarce. Here, we assessed <italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/italic> (Pv) and <italic>P. falciparum<\/italic> (Pf) transmission dynamics, resistance markers, and Pf <italic>hrp<\/italic>2\/3 deletions in Nueva Jerusal\u00e9n (NJ), a remote, indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon with high population mobility. We collected samples from November 2019 to May 2020 by active (ACD) and passive case detection (PCD) in NJ. Parasites were identified with microscopy and PCR. Then, we analyzed a representative set of positive-PCR samples (Pv\u2009=\u200968, Pf\u2009=\u200958) using highly-multiplexed deep sequencing assays (AmpliSeq) and compared NJ parasites with ones from other remote Peruvian areas using population genetics indexes. The ACD intervention did not reduce malaria cases in the short term, and persistent malaria transmission was observed (at least one Pv infection was detected in 96% of the study days). In Nueva Jerusalen, the Pv population had modest genetic diversity (He\u2009=\u20090.27). Pf population had lower diversity (He\u2009=\u20090.08) and presented temporal clustering, one of these clusters linked to an outbreak in February 2020. Moreover, Pv and Pf parasites from NJ exhibited variable levels of differentiation (Pv Fst\u2009=\u20090.07\u20130.52 &amp; Pf Fst\u2009=\u20090.11\u20130.58) with parasites from other remote areas. No artemisin resistance mutations but chloroquine (57%) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (35\u201367%) were detected in NJ's Pf parasites. Moreover, <italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/italic> gene deletions were common (32\u201350% of parasites with one or both genes deleted). The persistent Pv transmission and the detection of a Pf outbreak with parasites genetically distinct from the local ones highlight the need for tailored interventions focusing on mobility patterns and imported infections in remote areas to eliminate malaria in the Peruvian Amazon.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3979991\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T17:07:42Z","timestamp":1709226462000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic surveillance of malaria parasites in an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Cabrera-Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Malaria: Par\u00e1sitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Nolasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Malaria: Par\u00e1sitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna H.","family":"Kattenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandez-Mi\u00f1ope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research group (MaRch), Global Health Institute, Family Medicine and Population Health department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo O.","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keare","family":"Barazorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Ar\u00e9valo de los","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Salud P\u00fablica de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Rodriguez-Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazon\u00eda Peruana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rosanas-Urgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre Van","family":"geertruyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research group (MaRch), Global Health Institute, Family Medicine and Population Health department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dionicia","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Malaria: Par\u00e1sitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Delgado-Ratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research group (MaRch), Global Health Institute, Family Medicine and Population Health department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud. 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