{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:15:34Z","timestamp":1780557334094,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":55,"publisher":"Research Square Platform LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive form of dementia affecting almost 55 million people worldwide. It is characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles within the brain, leading to a pathological cascade of neuron degeneration and death as well as memory loss and cognitive decline. Amyloid beta (A\u03b2) is an AD biomarker present in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum and correlates with the presence of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. Measuring the levels of A\u03b2 can help with early diagnosis of AD, which is key for studying novel AD drugs and delaying the symptoms of dementia. However, this goal is difficult to achieve due to the low levels of AD biomarkers in biofluids. Here we demonstrate for the first time the use of FLOWER (frequency locked optical whispering evanescent resonator) for quantifying the levels of post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A\u03b242 in clinicopathologically classified control, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD participants. FLOWER is capable of measuring CSF A\u03b242 (area under curve, AUC = 0.92) with higher diagnostic performance than standard ELISA (AUC = 0.82) and was also able to distinguish between control and MCI samples. Our results demonstrate the capability of FLOWER for screening CSF samples for early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s pathology.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4355995\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T15:30:12Z","timestamp":1715959812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards Early Diagnosis and Screening of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Frequency Locked Whispering Gallery Mode Microtoroid Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Adley","family":"Gin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong-Diem","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geidy","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"8761","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2023 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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