{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T06:24:43Z","timestamp":1747203883087,"version":"3.40.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p><bold>Background <\/bold>Cape Verde is an archipelago located off the West African coast, and is in a pre-elimination phase of malaria control. Since 2010, less than 20 <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic> malaria cases have been reported annually, except in 2017, when an outbreak in Praia before the rainy season led to 423 autochthonous cases. It is important to understand the genetic diversity of circulating <italic>P. falciparum<\/italic> to inform on drug resistance, potential transmission networks, and sources of infection, including parasite importation.<bold>Methods <\/bold>Enrolled subjects involved malaria patients admitted to Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital at Praia city, Santiago island, Cape Verde, between July and October 2017. Neighbours and family members of enrolled cases were assessed for the presence of anti-<italic>P. falciparum<\/italic> antibodies. Sanger sequencing and real time PCR was used to identify SNPs in genes associated with drug resistance (e.g. <italic>pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfmdr1, pfk13, pfcrt<\/italic>), and whole genome sequencing data was generated to investigate the population structure of <italic>P. falciparum<\/italic> parasites.<bold>Results <\/bold>We analysed 190 parasite samples, 187 indigenous and three from imported infections. Malaria cases were distributed throughout Praia city. There were no cases of severe malaria, and all patients had an adequate clinical and parasitological response after treatment. Anti-<italic>P. falciparum <\/italic>antibodies were not detected in the 137 neighbours and family members tested. No mutations were detected in <italic>pfdhps<\/italic>. The triple mutation S108N\/N51I\/C59R in <italic>pfdhfr<\/italic> and the chloroquine resistant CVIET haplotype in the <italic>pfcrt<\/italic> gene were detected in almost all samples. Variations in <italic>pfk13<\/italic> were identified in only one sample (R645T, E668K). The haplotype NFD for <italic>pfmdr1<\/italic> was detected in the majority of samples (89.7%).<bold>Conclusions <\/bold>Polymorphisms in <italic>pfk13<\/italic> associated with ACTs tolerance in Southeast Asia were not detected, but the majority of the tested samples carried the <italic>pfmdr1<\/italic> haplotype NFD and antimalarial associated mutations in the the <italic>pfcrt<\/italic> and <italic>pfdhfr<\/italic> genes. We performed the first WGS for Cape Verdean parasites that showed that the samples cluster together, have a very high level of similarity and are close to other parasites populations from West Africa.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-116124\/v2","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T05:23:59Z","timestamp":1612934639000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drug resistance profile and clonality of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Cape Verde: The 2017 malaria outbreak"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silv\u00e2nia da Veiga","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Campino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}]},{"given":"Ernest Diez","family":"Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSHTM: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSHTM: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra"}]},{"given":"Isa\u00edas","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional Saude P\u00fablica"}]},{"given":"Davidson","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional Saude P\u00fablica"}]},{"given":"Taane G.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSHTM: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}]},{"given":"Luzia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerio de Agricultura"}]},{"given":"Maria da Luz Mendon\u00e7a","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHMT: Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHMT: Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical"}]}],"member":"297","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-116124\/v2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-116124\/v2.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:32:33Z","timestamp":1659054753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-116124\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-116124\/v2","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03708-z","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}