{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T22:12:26Z","timestamp":1659737546982},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":29,"publisher":"Research Square Platform LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>As our society ages, neurodegenerative diseases become more important. Timely diagnosis of these diseases has a large impact on the efficacy of delaying treatments, and increasingly this diagnosis must become easier and lower cost, to be applied to more patients. In this paper we propose a nation-wide monitoring system, based on a cloud based approach supported over 5G networks. This system relies on a web-platform, named Brain Diagnosis, that resort to several serious games clinically validated to determine the performance of various cognitive functions, and been developed as a cognitive screening tool of the individuals in the community for early neurodegenerative detection. We describe the system view, infrastructure requirements at home and for the hospital remote support, communication system requirements, and software support required. We further discuss the validation process, and discuss the viability of Brain Diagnosis as a self-administrated instrument for continuous cognitive screening. The paper will finalize with an overall analysis of a national system aiming to deploy a neurological tracking infrastructure able to track large population effects, such as those expected from COVID19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1899286\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T21:34:18Z","timestamp":1659735258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Advanced Technologies for Neurodegenerative diseases detection at national level"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Nelson","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Aveiro Escola Superior de Saude de Aveiro"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor Tedim","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica: Universidade do Porto Instituto de Saude Publica"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPUP: Universidade do Porto Instituto de Saude Publica"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es"}]}],"member":"8761","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.030205","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disease: models, mechanisms, and a new hope","volume":"10","author":"Gitler AD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gitler, A. D., Dhillon, P., & Shorter, J. (2017). Neurodegenerative disease: models, mechanisms, and a new hope. Dis Model Mech, 10(5), 499\u2013502","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","first-page":"557","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Lanct\u00f4t KL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lanct\u00f4t, K. L., Herrmann, N., Yau, K. K., Khan, L. R., Liu, B. A., LouLou, M. M., & Einarson, T. R. (2003). Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Cmaj, 169(6), 557\u2013564","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Dan, X., Babbar, M., Wei, Y., Hasselbalch, S. G., Croteau, D. L., & Bohr, V. A. (2019). Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 15(10), 565\u2013581","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.11.015","article-title":"Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008","volume":"92","author":"Cicerone KD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cicerone, K. D., et al. (2011). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 92(4), 519\u2013530","journal-title":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.08.007","article-title":"A survey on computer-assisted Parkinson's disease diagnosis","volume":"95","author":"Pereira CR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira, C. R., Pereira, D. R., Weber, S. A., Hook, C., de Albuquerque, V. H. C., & Papa, J. P. (2019). A survey on computer-assisted Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 95, 48\u201363","journal-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in an At-Home Setting","volume":"7","author":"Sabbagh MN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sabbagh, M. N., Boada, M., Borson, S., Doraiswamy, P. M., Dubois, B., Ingram, J., & Hampel, H. (2020). Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in an At-Home Setting. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 7, 171\u2013178","journal-title":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00361","article-title":"Marrying Past and Present Neuropsychology: Is the Future of the Process-Based Approach Technology-Based?","volume":"11","author":"Diaz-Orueta U","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diaz-Orueta, U., Blanco-Campal, A., Lamar, M., Libon, D. J., & Burke, T. (2020). Marrying Past and Present Neuropsychology: Is the Future of the Process-Based Approach Technology-Based? Frontiers in psychology, 11, 361","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.009","article-title":"Assessment of cognition in mild cognitive impairment: a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Snyder PJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Snyder, P. J., Jackson, C. E., Petersen, R. C., Khachaturian, A. S., Kaye, J., Albert, M. S., & Weintraub, S. (2011). Assessment of cognition in mild cognitive impairment: a comparative study. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 7(3), 338\u2013355","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"171","article-title":"Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in an At-Home Setting","volume":"7","author":"Sabbagh M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sabbagh, M., Boada, M., Borson, et al. (2020). Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in an At-Home Setting. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 7, 171\u2013178","journal-title":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000141","article-title":"Computerized and on-line neuropsychological testing for late-life cognition and neurocognitive disorders: are we there yet?","volume":"28","author":"Gates N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gates, N., & Kochan, N. (2015). Computerized and on-line neuropsychological testing for late-life cognition and neurocognitive disorders: are we there yet? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(2), 165\u2013172","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.08.007","article-title":"A survey on computer-assisted Parkinson's disease diagnosis","volume":"95","author":"Pereira C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira, C., Pereira, D., Weber, S., et al. (2019). A survey on computer-assisted Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 95, 48\u201363","journal-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4849","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4849","article-title":"A survey on sleep assessment methods","volume":"6","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, V., Silva, J., & Cauli, O. (2018). A survey on sleep assessment methods. PeerJ, 6, e4849","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Tr\u00f6ger J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6ger, J., Linz, N., K\u00f6nig, A., et al. (2018). : Telephone-based dementia screening I: automated semantic verbal fluency assessment. In: 12th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, pp.\u00a059\u201366. ACM, New York, NY, Unired States"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0084-2","article-title":"Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the mobile\/wearable devices opportunity","volume":"2","author":"Kourtis L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kourtis, L., Regele, O., Wright, J., & Jones, G. (2019). Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the mobile\/wearable devices opportunity. NPJ digital medicine, 2(1), 1\u20139","journal-title":"NPJ digital medicine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31620-4_7","volume-title":"Digital Phenotyping and Mobile Sensing. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics","author":"Marengo D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marengo, D., & Settanni, M. (2019). Mining facebook data for personality prediction: An overview. Digital Phenotyping and Mobile Sensing. In H. Baumeister, & C. Montag (Eds.), Digital Phenotyping and Mobile Sensing. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics (pp. 109\u2013124). Cham, Switzerland: Springer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.05.014","article-title":"Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia","volume":"124","author":"Grande G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grande, G., Triolo, F., Nuara, et al. (2019). Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Experimental Gerontology, 124, 110625","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0018-4","article-title":"Digital biomarkers of cognitive function","volume":"1","author":"Dagum P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dagum, P. (2018). Digital biomarkers of cognitive function. NPJ digital medicine, 1, 1\u20133","journal-title":"NPJ digital medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/games.5888","article-title":"Gamification of cognitive assessment and cognitive training: a systematic review of applications and efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Lumsden J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lumsden, J., Edwards, E., Lawrence, N., et al. (2016). : Gamification of cognitive assessment and cognitive training: a systematic review of applications and efficacy.JMIR serious games4(2), e11","journal-title":"JMIR serious games"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/games.5006","article-title":"A Serious Game for Clinical Assessment of Cognitive Status: Validation Study","volume":"4","author":"Tong T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tong, T., Chignell, M., Tierney, M., & Lee, J. (2016). : A Serious Game for Clinical Assessment of Cognitive Status: Validation Study.JMIR serious games4, e7","journal-title":"JMIR serious games"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.2899","article-title":"A rehabilitation tool designed for intensive web-based cognitive training: Description and usability study","volume":"2","author":"Cruz VT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cruz, V. T., Pais, J., Bento, V., Mateus, C., Colunas, M., Alves, I., Coutinho, P., & Rocha, N. P. (2013). A rehabilitation tool designed for intensive web-based cognitive training: Description and usability study. JMIR research protocols, 2(2), e59","journal-title":"JMIR research protocols"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref21","article-title":"Web-based cognitive training: patient adherence and intensity of treatment in an outpatient memory clinic","volume":"16","author":"Cruz VT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cruz, V. T., Pais, J., Alves, I., Ruano, L., Mateus, C., Barreto, R., Bento, V., Colunas, M., Rocha, N., & Coutinho, P. (2014). : Web-based cognitive training: patient adherence and intensity of treatment in an outpatient memory clinic.Journal of medical Internet research, 16(5), e122","journal-title":"Journal of medical Internet research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190631","article-title":"Tracking cognitive performance in the general population and in patients with mild cognitive impairment with a self-applied computerized test (Brain on Track)","volume":"71","author":"Ruano L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruano, L., et al. (2019). Tracking cognitive performance in the general population and in patients with mild cognitive impairment with a self-applied computerized test (Brain on Track). Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 71(2), 541\u2013548","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111304","article-title":"\"CogniViTra, a Digital Solution to Support Dual-Task Rehabilitation Training","volume":"10","author":"Quintas J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quintas, J., et al. (2021). \"CogniViTra, a Digital Solution to Support Dual-Task Rehabilitation Training. \" Electronics, 10(11), 1304","journal-title":"\" Electronics"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.09.013","article-title":"Investigating the effect of nonparticipation using a population-based case\u2013control study on myocardial infarction","volume":"14","author":"Ramos E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramos, E., Lopes, C., & Barros, H. (2004). Investigating the effect of nonparticipation using a population-based case\u2013control study on myocardial infarction. Annals of epidemiology, 14(6), 437\u2013441","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.121","article-title":"Subjective memory complaints may announce dementia","volume":"46","author":"Schmand B","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schmand, B., Jonker, C., Hooijer, C., & Lindeboom, J. (1996). Subjective memory complaints may announce dementia. Neurology, 46(1), 121\u2013125","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref26","author":"Freitas S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freitas, S., Sim\u00f5es, M. R., Martins, C., Vilar, M., & Santana, I. (2010). Estudos de adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa.Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Psicol\u00f3gica, 9(3)"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC143&4_11","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the PSSUQ using data from five years of usability studies","volume":"14","author":"Lewis JR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lewis, J. R. (2002). Psychometric evaluation of the PSSUQ using data from five years of usability studies. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 14(3\u20134), 463\u2013488","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref28","author":"Rosa AF","unstructured":"Rosa, A. F., Martins, A. I., Costa, V., Queir\u00f3s, A., Silva, A., & Rocha, N. P. (2015, June). European Portuguese validation of the post-study system usability questionnaire (PSSUQ). In Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2015 10th Iberian Conference on, 1\u20135"},{"key":"ref29","author":"William Stallings","unstructured":"William Stallings, 5G Wireless: A Comprehensive Introduction 1st Edition, 2021,Pearson Publishers"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-1899286\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-1899286\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T21:34:44Z","timestamp":1659735284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-1899286\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1899286\/v1","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}