{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:23:42Z","timestamp":1770495822938,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.05085.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05085.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p><bold>Purpose:<\/bold> The Covid-19 pandemic conveyed consequences for people\u2019s physical and mental health. During the worst pandemic scenarios, police officers were one of the most exposed populations. This situation brought these professionals unusual responsibilities, such as adjust work shifts and allocate police officers from operational and administrative services to the Covid-19 supervision teams and put them at an elevated risk of contracting the virus because they are also frontlineworkers too, and they often did not have personal protective equipment. Due to this, the main objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Fear of Covid-19 among police officers, as well as to know how the fear of Covid-19 relates to the mental health during the worst wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in Portugal. \n<bold>Methodogy:<\/bold> Participants were 174 police officers aged between 23 and 58 years old (<italic>M<\/italic>=40.81; <italic>SD<\/italic>=6.83) who completed the Fear of Covid-19 Scale, the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Disorder Checklist for DSM-5. \n<bold>Findings:<\/bold> Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good adjustment fit for the two-factor model. Construct validity was supported, and the internal consistency was good for both periods of assessment. The model proved invariant for both groups (pre and during lockdown) at the measurement, scalar, and structural levels. \n<bold>Originality: <\/bold>Study findings suggest that the Portuguese Version of FCV-19S is a reliable measure to assess the fear of Covid-19 among police officers, including during the pandemic development.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2633611\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T22:29:36Z","timestamp":1677623376000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["More Than Psychometric Properties of The Fear of Covid-19 Scale. The Struggle of The Portuguese Police Officers"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3450-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Corria-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Brooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1343-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation","author":"Ahorsu DK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D. & Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation, International journal of mental health and addiction, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","journal-title":"International journal of mental health and addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00316-x","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale","volume":"19","author":"Alyami M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alyami, M., Henning, M., Kr\u00e4geloh, C.U. & Alyami, H. (2021). Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, International journal of mental health and addiction, 19 (6), 2219\u20132232 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00316-x","journal-title":"International journal of mental health and addiction"},{"key":"ref3","author":"Arbuckle JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arbuckle, J. L. (2020). Amos (Version 26.0) (No. 26). Chicago: IBM SPSS. https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=cite+ibm+spss+amos+apa+style&sxsrf=AOaemvLk50AtXu4npA2_mtd9sJSSLvln1A%3A1636304805864&ei=pQeIYa6SNIWulwTluqqgCA&oq=cite+ibm+spss+amos+apa+style&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAM6BwgAEEcQsANKBAhBGABQkwhYgw5gvhFoAXACeACAAXGIAdEBkgEDMS4x"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler PM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures, Psychological bulletin, 88 (3), 588 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL\u20105): Development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins CA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blevins, C.A., Weathers, F.W., Davis, M.T., Witte, T.K. & Domino, J.L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL\u20105): Development and initial psychometric evaluation, Journal of traumatic stress, 28 (6) 489\u2013498 https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22059","journal-title":"Journal of traumatic stress"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Brown TA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. In Handbook of structural equation modeling, 361\u2013379."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00415-9","article-title":"Adaptation and Validation of the Brazilian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale","author":"Cavalheiro FRS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavalheiro, F. R. S., & Sticca, M. G. (2020). Adaptation and Validation of the Brazilian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00415-9","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1836071","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity, reliability and factorial invariance in Argentina\u2019s general population","author":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caycho-Rodr\u00edguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Portillo, N., Bar\u00e9s, I., Calandra, M., & Burgos Videla, C. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Validity, reliability and factorial invariance in Argentina\u2019s general population, Death Studies, 0 (0), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481187.2020.1836071","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2021.1891234","article-title":"Voluntary resignations from the police service: the impact of organisational and occupational stressors on organisational commitment","volume":"32","author":"Charman S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charman, S. & Bennett, S. (2022). Voluntary resignations from the police service: the impact of organisational and occupational stressors on organisational commitment, Policing and Society, 32 (2), 159\u2013178 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2021.1891234","journal-title":"Policing and Society"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00441-7","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Among Chinese Population","author":"Chi X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chi, X., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Yu, Q., Guo, T., Cao, Q., Zheng, X., Huang, S., Hossain, M. M., Stubbs, B., Yeung, A., & Zou, L. (2021). Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Among Chinese Population, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00441-7","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.35502\/jcswb.133","article-title":"Mental health and well being of police and a health pandemic: Critical issues for police leaders and a post COVID-19 environment","volume":"5","author":"Drew JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drew, J.M. & Martin, S. (2020). Mental health and well being of police and a health pandemic: Critical issues for police leaders and a post COVID-19 environment, Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 5(2), 31\u201336 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35502\/jcswb.133","journal-title":"Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being"},{"key":"ref12","author":"Elliott-Davies M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott-Davies, M. (2021). Demand, capacity and welfare survey 2020, Retrieved from https:\/\/www.polfed.org\/media\/16557\/dcw_prrb-report-13-01-2021-v20.pdf.Refstyled"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS","author":"Field A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (5th ed). Sage Publications.","edition":"5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paab027","author":"Fleming J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleming, J. & Brown, J. (2021). Policewomens' experiences of working during lockdown: Results of a survey with officers from England and Wales, Policing 15(3), 1977\u20131992 doi: 10.1093\/police\/paab027"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101756","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on European police officers: Stress, demands, and coping resources","volume":"72","author":"Frenkel MO","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frenkel, M. O., Giessing, L., Egger-Lampl, S., Hutter, V., Oudejans, R. R. D., Kleygrewe, L., Jaspaert, E., & Plessner, H. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on European police officers: Stress, demands, and coping resources, Journal of Criminal Justice, 72, 101756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101756","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00413-x","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report","author":"Garc\u00eda-Reyna B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Reyna, B., Castillo-Garc\u00eda, G. D., Barbosa-Camacho, F. J., Cervantes-Cardona, G. A., Cervantes-P\u00e9rez, E., Torres-Mendoza, B. M., Fuentes-Orozco, C., Pintor-Belmontes, K. J., Guzm\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, B. G., Hern\u00e1ndez-Bernal, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ojeda, A., & Cervantes-Guevara, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1\u201312 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00413-x","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance","volume":"9","author":"Gordon W","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gordon W. Cheung & Roger B. (2002). Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance, Structural Equation Modeling, A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233\u2013255 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling, A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.02.002","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services","volume":"15","author":"Guo H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, H., Zhou, Y., Liu, X., & Tan, J. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services, Journal of Dental Sciences, 15(4), 564\u2013567 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jds.2020.02.002","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Sciences"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"1","author":"Henseler J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1(43), 115\u2013135 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref20","author":"Huarcaya-Victoria J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Villarreal-Zegarra, D., Podest\u00e0, A., & Luna-Cuadros, M. (2020). Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de una versi\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol de la escala de miedo al COVID-19 en poblaci\u00f3n general de Lima, Per\u00fa, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1(1), 1\u201314 https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00354-5.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/jip.1569","article-title":"Stress response of police officers during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model","volume":"18","author":"Jiang Q","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang, Q. (2021). Stress response of police officers during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model, Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 18 (2), 116\u2013128 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jip.1569","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09536-2","article-title":"The immediate impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Jennings W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jennings, W. & Perez, M. (2020). The immediate impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement in the United States, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 690\u2013701 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-020-09536-2","journal-title":"American Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1979.11969385","article-title":"Factor Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kass A","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kass, A., & Tinsley, A. (1979). Factor Analysis, Journal of Leisure Research, 11, pp.\u00a0120\u2013138.","journal-title":"Journal of Leisure Research"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling,","author":"Kline RB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, (2nd ed). New Your Guilford.","edition":"2"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483385693.n5","author":"Kline T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline, T. (2015). Classical Test Theory: Assumptions, Equations, Limitations, and Item Analyses, Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation, pp.\u00a091\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781483385693.n5"},{"issue":"75","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000690","article-title":"The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Luchetti M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19, American Psychologist, 7(75), 897\u2013908 https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000690","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02445","article-title":"Extracting, computing and exploring the parameters of statistical models using R","volume":"53","author":"L\u00fcdecke D","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., & Makowski, D. (2020). Extracting, computing and exploring the parameters of statistical models using R, Journal of Open Source Software, 53, (5), 2445. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.02445","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"427","key":"ref28","first-page":"2","article-title":"Validation and Psychometric Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Associations with Travel, Tourism and Hospitality","volume":"18","author":"Magano J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magano J, Vidal D, Sousa H, Pimienta M, & Leite \u00c2. (2021). Validation and Psychometric Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Associations with Travel, Tourism and Hospitality, International Journal of Environmental Research and Publi, 18 (427), 2\u201312. https:\/\/bdigital.ufp.pt\/bitstream\/10284\/9218\/1\/ijerph-18-00427-v2.pdf","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Publi"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"An\u00e1lise de Equa\u00e7\u00f5es Estruturais - Fundamentos Te\u00f3ricos, Software & Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es","author":"Mar\u00f4co J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2021). An\u00e1lise de Equa\u00e7\u00f5es Estruturais - Fundamentos Te\u00f3ricos, Software & Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es (3rd ed). ReportNumber, Lda.","edition":"3"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113350","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students","volume":"293","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Lorca M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Lorca, M., Mart\u00ednez-Lorca, A., Criado-\u00c1lvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D. C., & Latorre, J. M. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students, Psychiatry Research, 293, 113350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113350","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00368-z","article-title":"Validation and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale among adolescents","author":"Masuyama A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Kubo, T. (2020). Validation and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale among adolescents, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00368-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2017.1363965","article-title":"Measuring policing stress meaningfully: establishing norms and cut-off values for the Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires","volume":"18","author":"Mccreary DR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mccreary, D. R., Fong, I., & Groll, D. L. (2017). Measuring policing stress meaningfully: establishing norms and cut-off values for the Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires, Police Practice and Research, 18, (6), 612\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2017.1363965","journal-title":"Police Practice and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X21104470","article-title":"Taking the strain? Police well-being in the COVID-19 era","volume":"95","author":"Newiss G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newiss, G., Charman, S, Ilett, C., Bennett, S., Ghaemmaghami, A. Smith, P. & Inkpen, R. (2022). Taking the strain? Police well-being in the COVID-19 era, The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 95(1), 88\u2013108 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032258X21104470","journal-title":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Observador. (2021). Cerca de 13% do efetivo da PSP j\u00e1 esteve infetado com covid-19. H\u00e1 uma v\u00edtima mortal, https:\/\/observador.pt\/2021\/04\/07\/cerca-de-13-do-efetivo-da-psp-ja-esteve-infetado-com-covid-19-ha-uma-vitima-mortal\/"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587","article-title":"Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Queir\u00f3s C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s, C., Passos, F., B\u00e1rtolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020). Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Raiche G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raiche, G., & Magis, D. (2020). Parallel analysis and other non graphical solutions to the cattell scree test, https:\/\/mirror.las.iastate.edu\/CRAN\/web\/packages\/nFactors\/nFactors.pdf"},{"key":"ref37","author":"Revelle W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2018). Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research, The Comprehensive R Archive Network. https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/37948493\/package-psych-the-personality-project"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00283-3","article-title":"COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale","volume":"5","author":"Reznik A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 5(19), 1903\u20131908 https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00283-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5\u201315","volume":"2","author":"Rosseel Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5\u201315, Journal of Statistical Software, 2(48), 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"66","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02296192","article-title":"A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis","volume":"4","author":"Satorra A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis, 4(66),.507\u2013514 https:\/\/doi.org\/sci-hub.st\/10.1007\/bf02296192"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2021.1915910","article-title":"Detecting the Relationship between the Stress Levels and Perceived Burnout in Law-enforcement Officers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"36","author":"Sener H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sener, H., Arikan, I., G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, N., & G\u00fclekci, Y. (2021). Detecting the Relationship between the Stress Levels and Perceived Burnout in Law-enforcement Officers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study, Social Work in Public Health, 36(4), 486\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19371918.2021.1915910","journal-title":"Social Work in Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Validity and measurement invariance in a Portuguese Volunteer Firefighters\u2019 sample","author":"Silva J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva, J., Teixeira, F., Santos, R., Sousa, B., Pinto., R. & Maia, A. (2021). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Validity and measurement invariance in a Portuguese Volunteer Firefighters\u2019 sample, Journal of Traumatic Stress.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00277-1","article-title":"Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale","author":"Soraci P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soraci, P., Ferrari, A., Abbiati, F. A., Del Fante, E., De Pace, R., Urso, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1\u201310 https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00277-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"COVID-19: managing stress in this anxious time","author":"State University of New York","year":"2020","unstructured":"State University of New York \u2013 Institute for Disaster Mental Health (SUNY-IDMH). (2020). COVID-19: managing stress in this anxious time, Institute for Disaster Mental Health. https:\/\/newpaltz.edu\/media\/idmh\/covid-19\/IDMH COVID19 Community Stress Management Tip Sheet 2020 Final.pdf","journal-title":"Institute for Disaster Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09548-y","article-title":"Police Stress, Mental Health, and Resiliency during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"45","author":"Stogner J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stogner, J., Miller, B. L., and McLean, K. (2020). Police Stress, Mental Health, and Resiliency during the COVID-19 Pandemic, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 718\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-020-09548-y","journal-title":"American Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref46","author":"Tabachnick BG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics 6th ed."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113100","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population","author":"Tzur Bitan D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tzur Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N. & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population, Psychiatry Research, 289 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113100","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2020). World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200314-%0Asitrep-54-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=dcd46351_2%0A"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paab053","article-title":"Explaining Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Chinese Police officers","volume":"00","author":"Wu Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Sun, I. Y., Ivkovich, S. K., Maskaly, J., Shen, S., & Neyroud, P. (2021). Explaining Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Chinese Police officers, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 00(0), 1\u201314 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/police\/paab053","journal-title":"Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2633611\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2633611\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T21:56:53Z","timestamp":1714600613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2633611\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2633611\/v1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s11896-024-09673-y","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}