{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:43:06Z","timestamp":1770741786448,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p><bold><italic>Background <\/italic><\/bold>Clinical activities provided by pharmacists are increasing worldwide, including Europe. However, an overview of clinical pharmacy education and practice is needed. <bold><italic>Objective<\/italic> <\/bold>To map clinical pharmacy (CP) education and practice among European countries.<bold> <\/bold><bold>Setting: <\/bold>Web-based survey led by the Education Committee of the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP). <bold><italic>Method<\/italic> <\/bold>Cross-sectional study resorted to a survey sent to ESCP members. The survey comprised three domains focusing on: undergraduate education, postgraduate education, and practice. A multi-phased validation process was undertaken, attributing levels of evidence according to the number of information sources for each country. Triangulation was used to seek within country consensus. Student perceptions on their preparedness to engage in CP and adequacy of learning methods were also explored via the European Pharmaceutical Students' Association (EPSA), representing students from 37 countries. <bold><italic>Main outcome measures<\/italic> <\/bold>Number of hours of education in clinical pharmacy; existence of a specialization in clinical pharmacy and activities delivered in practice.<bold>Results <\/bold>Data from 40 European countries were included (response rate 95.2%). Most respondents (86.8%) agreed with the definition of CP proposed by the ESCP. Almost every country (94.9%) reported to have CP topics integrated at the undergraduate level [median number=65 hours\/semester (IQR: 2.0-5.6)], including practical teaching [median=30.0% (IQR: 17.0-42.0)]. Students from 16 countries were unanimous stating CP practical training to be insufficient and only in one country CP education was perceived as totally fit for practice. At the postgraduate level, 92.5% of countries have PhD programmes including CP and 65.0% specific CP master\/diploma degrees. Continuous professional development (CPD) courses were also reported by 63.9% of respondents. More than half of countries (52.5%; n=21) recognize CP as an area of specialization, which for 60.0% of countries is applied solely in the hospital setting. <bold><italic>Conclusion <\/italic><\/bold>Although CP is embedded in education and practice in European countries, students experience a lack of practical training hampering job readiness. Education in CP should be adapted and tailored towards the skills and competences required in practice.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-321697\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T19:49:37Z","timestamp":1616096977000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mapping Clinical Pharmacy Education and Practice in Europe"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon Faculty of Pharmacy: Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Farmacia"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Steurbaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel"}]},{"given":"Hege Salvesen","family":"Blix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health: Folkehelseinstituttet"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Gordon University School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences"}]},{"given":"Sule","family":"Rabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara  \u00dcniversitesi: Marmara Universitesi"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Mota-Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon Faculty of Pharmacy: Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Farmacia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa Alves da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon Faculty of Pharmacy: Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Farmacia"}]}],"member":"297","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-321697\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-321697\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T19:49:37Z","timestamp":1616096977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-321697\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-321697\/v1","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}