{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:46:52Z","timestamp":1774950412325,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":41,"publisher":"Research Square Platform LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>The scientific community has reached a consensus on humans\u2019 important role as causative agents of climate change; however, branches of society are still skeptical about this. Climate change is a key issue for humanity and only the commitment to change human attitudes and lifestyles, at the global level, can be effective in its mitigation. With this purpose, it is important to convey the right message and prevent misinformation to manipulate people\u2019s minds. The present study aims to understand the factors shaping European citizens\u2019 thoughts on the causes of climate change. Using data from the European Social Survey 10 collected in 2022, we fitted statistical models using the people\u2019s thoughts on causes of climate change (natural, anthropogenic, or both) as dependent variables. As independent variables, we used the impact of the media through time spent on news and time spent on the internet, level of education, the level of trust in scientists, awareness of online or mobile misinformation, and gender. We concluded that the typical European citizen that believes in anthropogenic causes of climate change is a female, is more literate, trusts more in scientists, is younger, spends more time reading the news, and has more awareness of misinformation presence in online and mobile communications.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3232201\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T15:18:02Z","timestamp":1692026282000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The society of Information and the European citizens\u2019 perception of climate change: natural or anthropological causes"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Concha","family":"Cano-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo"}]},{"given":"Meirielly","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Vaz-Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo"}]}],"member":"8761","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003187107","article-title":"Expert credibility in climate change","volume":"107","author":"Anderegg WRL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderegg WRL, Prall JW, Harold J, Schneider SH (2010). Expert credibility in climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:12107\u201312109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1003187107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.022","author":"Bindoff NL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bindoff NL, Stott PAA., AchutaRao, KM, Allen MRR, Gillett N, Gutzler D, Hansingo K, Hegerl G, Hu Y, Jain S (2014). Detection and attribution of climate change: from global to regional. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Doschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, pp\u00a0867\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.022"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114985","article-title":"\u201cCan I take responsibility for bringing a person to this world who will be part of the apocalypse!?\u201d: Ideological dilemmas and concerns for future well-being when bringing the climate crisis into reproductive decision-making","volume":"302","author":"Bodin M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bodin M, Bj\u00f6rklund J (2022). \u201cCan I take responsibility for bringing a person to this world who will be part of the apocalypse!?\u201d: Ideological dilemmas and concerns for future well-being when bringing the climate crisis into reproductive decision-making. Soc Sci Med 302:114985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114985","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-013-9238-0","article-title":"The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion","volume":"36","author":"Bolsen T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolsen T, Druckman JN, Cook FL (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion. Political Behav 36:235\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11109-013-9238-0","journal-title":"Political Behav"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-020-00163-y","article-title":"Trust and the media: perceptions of climate change news sources among US college students","volume":"3","author":"Cheng H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng H, Gonzalez-Ramirez J (2021). Trust and the media: perceptions of climate change news sources among US college students. Postdigit Sci Educ 3:910\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42438-020-00163-y","journal-title":"Postdigit Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101434","article-title":"Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety","volume":"69","author":"Clayton S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clayton S, Karazsia BT (2020). Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. J Environ Psychol 69:101434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101434","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916517744591","article-title":"Normative influences on adolescents\u2019 self-reported pro-environmental behaviors: The role of parents and friends","volume":"51","author":"Collado S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collado S, Staats H, Sancho P (2019). Normative influences on adolescents\u2019 self-reported pro-environmental behaviors: The role of parents and friends. Environ Behav, 51:288\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916517744591","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101428","article-title":"The role of trust for climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviour: A meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Cologna V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cologna V, Siegrist M (2020). The role of trust for climate change mitigation and adaptation behaviour: A meta-analysis. J Environ Psychol 69:101428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101428","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaa49f","article-title":"Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors","volume":"13","author":"Cook J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook J, Ellerton P, Kinkead D (2018). Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors. Environ Res Lett 13:024018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaa49f","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206266","article-title":"The role of climate change education on individual lifetime car-bon emissions","volume":"15","author":"Cordero EC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cordero EC, Centeno D, Todd AM (2020). The role of climate change education on individual lifetime car-bon emissions. PloS One, 15: e0206266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0206266","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/00139157.2016.1208995","article-title":"The Political Divide on Climate Change: Partisan Polarization Widens in the U.S","volume":"58","author":"Dunlap RE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunlap RE, McCright AM, Yarosh JH (2016). The Political Divide on Climate Change: Partisan Polarization Widens in the U.S. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 58:4\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00139157.2016.1208995","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"ESS ERIC (2022a) European Social Survey 10 - integrated file, edition 2.0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18712\/ess10e03_0"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"ESS ERIC (2022b) ESS10 Data Documentation. https:\/\/www.europeansocialsurvey.org\/data\/"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509433112","article-title":"Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change","volume":"113","author":"Farrell J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farrell J (2016). Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:92\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1509433112 (accessed 13 March 2023).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188730","author":"Fernandez M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fernandez M, Alani H (2018). Online misinformation: Challenges and future directions. Companion Proceedings of The Web Conference, 595\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3184558.3188730"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3103\/S0147688221040092","article-title":"Science Disinformation: On the Problem of Fake News","volume":"48","author":"Gerbina TV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerbina TV (2021). Science Disinformation: On the Problem of Fake News. Sci Techn Inf Process 48:290\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S0147688221040092","journal-title":"Sci Techn Inf Process"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547016688325","article-title":"Building public support for science spending: Misinformation, motivated reasoning, and the power of corrections","volume":"39","author":"Goldfarb JL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldfarb JL Kriner DL (2017). Building public support for science spending: Misinformation, motivated reasoning, and the power of corrections. Sci Commun 39:77\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1075547016688325","journal-title":"Sci Commun"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1326365X14539185","article-title":"\u2018Echo Chambers\u2019: Partisan Facebook Groups during the 2014 Thai Election","volume":"24","author":"Gr\u00f6mping M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6mping M (2014). \u2018Echo Chambers\u2019: Partisan Facebook Groups during the 2014 Thai Election. Asia Pac Media Educ 24:39\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1326365X14539185","journal-title":"Asia Pac Media Educ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4557","article-title":"Causes of climate change over the historical record","volume":"14","author":"Hegerl GC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hegerl G C, Br\u00f6nnimann S, Cowan T, Friedman AR, Hawkins E, Iles C, M\u00fcller W, Schurer A, Undorf S (2019). Causes of climate change over the historical record. Environ Res Lett 14:123006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4557","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2943","article-title":"Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change","volume":"6","author":"Hornsey MJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Bain PG, Fielding KS (2016). Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Change 6:622\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate2943","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662519869097","article-title":"Fostering public trust in science: The role of social media","volume":"28","author":"Huber B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huber B, Barnidge M, Gil de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga H, Liu J (2019). Fostering public trust in science: The role of social media. Public Underst Sci 28:759\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963662519869097","journal-title":"Public Underst Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.020","article-title":"Denial of anthropogenic climate change: Social dominance orientation helps explain the conservative male effect in Brazil and Sweden","volume":"98","author":"Jylh\u00e4 KM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jylh\u00e4 KM, Cantal C, Akrami N, Milfont TL (2016). Denial of anthropogenic climate change: Social dominance orientation helps explain the conservative male effect in Brazil and Sweden. Pers Individ Differ 98:184\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.020","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-021-00552-5","article-title":"Handling climate change education at universities: an overview","volume":"33","author":"Leal Filho W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leal Filho W, Sima M, Sharifi A, Luetz JM, Salvia AL, Mifsud M, Olooto FM, Djekic I, Anholon R, Rampasso I, Kwabena Donkor F, Dinis MAP, Klavins M, Finnveden G, Chari MM, Molthan-Hill P, Mifsud A, Sen SK, Lokupitiya E (2021). Handling climate change education at universities: an overview. Environ Sci Eur 33:109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-021-00552-5","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"2","volume-title":"The united nations framework convention on climate change, the Kyoto protocol, and the Paris agreement: a summary","author":"Leggett JA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leggett JA (2020). The united nations framework convention on climate change, the Kyoto protocol, and the Paris agreement: a summary. UNFCC: New York, NY, USA, 2. https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/study-at-lse\/executive-education\/programmes\/climate-change-economics-and-governance?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=HL_Exec_Ed&utm_content=climate_change&gad=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW_0dtUTteuoxP57BsxPFcVyu6yThFXKCwxiFYNBdR3L06mElgWGMTAaAozsEALw_wcB (accessed 13 March 2023)."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"136","article-title":"Seeding doubt: How sceptics have used new media to delay action on climate change","volume":"2","author":"Lockwood A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lockwood A (2010). Seeding doubt: How sceptics have used new media to delay action on climate change. Geopolit Hist Int 2:136\u2013164.","journal-title":"Geopolit Hist Int"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45002-1_20","author":"Machete P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Machete P, Turpin M (2020). The Use of Critical Thinking to Identify Fake News: A Systematic Literature Re-view. In M. Hattingh, M. Matthee, H. Smuts, I. Pappas, Y. K. Dwivedi, and M. M\u00e4ntym\u00e4ki (Eds.), Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology, pp.\u00a0235\u2013246. Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-45002-1_20"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086862","author":"Mata F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mata F, Jesus MS, Cano-D\u00edaz C, Dos-Santos M (2023). European Citizens\u2019 Worries and Self-Responsibility towards Climate Change. Sustainability, 15:6862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15086862"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/09644016.2015.1090371","article-title":"Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union","volume":"25","author":"McCright AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCright AM, Dunlap RE, Marquart-Pyatt ST (2016). Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union. Environ Polit 25:338\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09644016.2015.1090371","journal-title":"Environ Polit"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662515592558","article-title":"Global warming\u2019s five Germanys: A typology of Germans\u2019 views on climate change and patterns of media use and information","volume":"26","author":"Metag J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Metag J, F\u00fcchslin T, Sch\u00e4fer MS (2017). Global warming\u2019s five Germanys: A typology of Germans\u2019 views on climate change and patterns of media use and information. Pub Underst Sci 26:434\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963662515592558","journal-title":"Pub Underst Sci"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Mu\u00f1oz M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz M, Sommer B (2011). Perceptions of climate change: the role of art and the media. Boston. https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/climate change\/?utm_source = google&utm_medium = cpc&utm_campaign = 80KMARGrantsClimateChangeBroad&utm_content = 63198433170&utm_term = effects%20of%20climate%20change&gclid = Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW_u7i3CSYhM9R078YZJJMf23ybHLe5j6Sj8k6ZCcYSFv6izo39qniQaAv5pEALw_wcB (accessed 13 March 2023)."},{"key":"ref31","author":"Alexandria","year":"2022","unstructured":"National Science Board (2022). The State of US Science & Engineering. Alexandria. https:\/\/ncses.nsf.gov\/pubs\/nsb20221 (accessed 13 March 2023)."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916518763894","article-title":"Young people\u2019s coping strategies concerning climate change: Relations to per-ceived communication with parents and friends and proenvironmental behavior","volume":"51","author":"Ojala M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ojala M, Bengtsson H (2019). Young people\u2019s coping strategies concerning climate change: Relations to per-ceived communication with parents and friends and proenvironmental behavior. Environ Behav 51:907\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916518763894","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044005","article-title":"Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007\u201310","volume":"7","author":"Painter J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Painter J, Ashe T (2012). Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007\u201310. Environ Res Lett 7:044005. https:\/\/doi.rg\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044005","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref34","author":"Parry ML","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parry M L, Canziani O, Palutikof J, Van der Linden P, Hanson C (2007). Climate change 2007-impacts, adap-tation and vulnerability: Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2023\/03\/what-ipcc-report-means-global-action?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW_zSJ0iUNS3nlbygWhDqM0gDgh_8A6e6bRU0MMGEwYxd1nQJwE8SgaAonoEALw_wcB (accessed 13 March 2023)."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662520908534","article-title":"Spiritual skepticism? Heterogeneous science skepticism in the Netherlands","volume":"29","author":"Rutjens BT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rutjens BT, van der Lee R (2020). Spiritual skepticism? Heterogeneous science skepticism in the Netherlands. Pub Underst Sci 29:335\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963662520908534","journal-title":"Pub Underst Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-1007-x","article-title":"Anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change","volume":"122","author":"Stern DI","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stern DI, Kaufmann RK (2014). Anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change. Clim Change 122:257\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-013-1007-x","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa815f","article-title":"Assessing ExxonMobil\u2019s climate change communications (1977\u20132014)","volume":"12","author":"Supran G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Supran G, Oreskes N (2017). Assessing ExxonMobil\u2019s climate change communications (1977\u20132014). Environ Res Lett 12:084019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa815f","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-020-09921-1","article-title":"Pre-service Teachers\u2019 Knowledge and Perceptions of the Impact of Mitigative Climate Actions and Their Willingness to Act","volume":"51","author":"Tolppanen S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolppanen S, Claudelin A, Kang J (2021). Pre-service Teachers\u2019 Knowledge and Perceptions of the Impact of Mitigative Climate Actions and Their Willingness to Act. Res Sci Educ 51:1629\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11165-020-09921-1","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600008","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201600008","article-title":"Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change","volume":"1","author":"Linden S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van der Linden S, Leiserowitz A, Rosenthal S, Maibach E (2017). Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Chall 1:1600008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gch2.201600008","journal-title":"Global Chall"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2019.11.008","article-title":"Understanding and countering the motivated roots of climate change denial","volume":"42","author":"Wong-Parodi G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong-Parodi G, Feygina I (2020b). Understanding and countering the motivated roots of climate change denial. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 42:60\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosust.2019.11.008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sustain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.03.004","article-title":"An overview of online fake news: Characterization, detection, and discussion","volume":"57","author":"Zhang X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ghorbani AA (2020). An overview of online fake news: Characterization, detection, and discussion. Inf Process Manag 57:102025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.03.004","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3232201\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3232201\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T15:28:27Z","timestamp":1711380507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3232201\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3232201\/v1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00267-024-01961-x","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}