{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:11Z","timestamp":1772236811268,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n                <p>\n                  We try to rationalize the fact that a positive correlation between higher education attainment and aggregate productivity becomes less clear as a higher share people completes college. For that purpose, we model this situation by means of a coordination (\n                  <italic>Stag Hunt<\/italic>\n                  ) game, where a youngster obtains the benefit of higher education only if there is a critical mass of students.\nDuring the initial stage the net reward of higher education is high, so that the Nash equilibrium with general enrolment is selected. As compulsory education is raised, the wage premium of attaining college decreases and furthermore universities that expand to low density regions become less efficient as they face increasing diseconomies of scale in their operation.\nThe decrease in the net reward of graduates is multiplied by the fact that the strategy of avoiding higher education becomes \u201crisk-dominant\u201d in Harsanyi and Selten (1988)\u2019s terms. This fact likely causes a\n                  <italic>coordination breakdown<\/italic>\n                  , where the share of people with a complete university degree may possibly rise despite the output per worker decreases.\nThis socially undesirable outcome can be avoided through a policy aimed at enhancing the college network through its geographical concentration. For this purpose, the relocation of a significant share of students appears to be necessary.\n                  <bold>JEL codes<\/bold>\n                  : C72, I25, 015, R11\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3375884\/v2","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T19:46:17Z","timestamp":1714765577000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Education spread and economic development: Portugal 1981-2021"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa and UECE\/REM Research Center"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Benabou Roland","year":"1993","unstructured":"Benabou, Roland (1993), \u201cWorkings of a city: location, education and production\u201d, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), pp.\u00a0619\u2013652."},{"key":"ref2","author":"Dal B\u00f3, Pedro, Guillaume R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal B\u00f3, Pedro, Guillaume R. Fr\u00e9chette and Jeongbin Kim (2021), \u201cThe determinants of efficient behaviour in coordination games\u201d, Games and Economic Behavior, 130, pp.\u00a0352\u2013368."},{"key":"ref3","author":"Diamond Peter","year":"1982","unstructured":"Diamond, Peter (1982), \u201cAggregate demand management in search equilibrium\u201d, Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Political Economy, 90(5), pp.\u00a0881\u2013894."},{"key":"ref4","author":"Dickerson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickerson, Andy and Steven McIntosh (2013), \u201cThe impact of distance to nearest institution on the post-compulsory participation decision\u201d, Urban Studies, 50(4), pp.\u00a0742\u2013758."},{"key":"ref5","author":"Frankel Marvin","year":"1962","unstructured":"Frankel, Marvin (1962), \u201cThe production function in allocation and growth: a synthesis\u201d, American economic Review, 52(5), pp.\u00a0995\u20131021."},{"key":"ref6","author":"Frenette Marc","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frenette, Marc (2006), \u201cToo far to go on? Distance to school and university participation\u201d, Education Economics, 14(1), pp.\u00a031\u201358."},{"key":"ref7","author":"Hanushek Eric","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanushek, Eric (2016), \u201cwill more higher education improve economic growth?\u201d, Oxford review of Economic Policy, 32(4), pp.\u00a0538\u2013552."},{"key":"ref8","author":"Harsanyi John","year":"1973","unstructured":"Harsanyi, John (1973), \u201cGames with randomly disturbed payoffs: a new rationale for mixed-strategy equilibrium points\u201d, International Journal of Game Theory, 2(1), pp.\u00a01\u201323."},{"key":"ref9","author":"Harsanyi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Harsanyi, John and Reinhardt Selten (1988), A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games, London and Cambridge Mass., Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref10","author":"Helsley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Helsley, Robert and William Strange (1990), \u201cMatching and agglomeration economies in a system of cities\u201d, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 20(2), pp.\u00a0189\u2013212."},{"key":"ref11","author":"Holmes Craig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holmes, Craig (2013), \u201cHas the expansion of higher education led to greater economic growth?\u201d, National Institute Economic Review, 224(1), pp.\u00a0R29-R47."},{"key":"ref12","author":"Kandori, Michihiro George J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kandori, Michihiro, George J. Mailath and Rafael Rob (1993), \u201cLearning, mutation and long run equilibria in games\u201d, Econometrica, 61(1), pp.\u00a029\u201356."},{"key":"ref13","author":"Lucas Robert","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lucas, Robert (1988), \u201cOn the mechanics of economic development\u201d, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), pp.\u00a03\u201342."},{"key":"ref14","author":"Mankiw N","unstructured":"Mankiw, N. 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Katharina and Katharina Wrolich (2010), \u201cDoes distance determine who attends a university in germany?\u201d, Economics of Education Review, 29(3), pp.\u00a0470\u2013479."},{"key":"ref20","author":"Straub Paul","year":"1995","unstructured":"Straub, Paul (1995), \u201cRisk dominance and coordination failures in static games\u201d, Quarterly Revie of Economic and Finance, 35(4), pp.\u00a0339\u2013363."},{"key":"ref21","author":"Teixeira Pedro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teixeira, Pedro, Jo\u00e3o Cerejeira, Marta Sim\u00f5es e Miguel Portela (2014), \u201cEduca\u00e7\u00e3o, economia e capital Humano \u2013 notas sobre um paradoxo\u201d in Fernando Alexandre e outros (organizadores), A Economia Portuguesa na uni\u00e3o Europeia: 1986\u20132010, Coimbra. 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Peyton (1993), \u201cThe evolution of conventions\u201d, Econometrica, 61(1), pp.\u00a057\u201384."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3375884\/v2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3375884\/v2.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T19:46:18Z","timestamp":1714765578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3375884\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3375884\/v2","relation":{"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3375884\/v1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3375884\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}