{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T04:06:59Z","timestamp":1749874019363,"version":"3.41.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>Campbell\u2019s (<italic>Cercopithecus campbelli<\/italic>) and green monkeys (<italic>Chlorocebus sabaeus<\/italic>) are sympatric medium-sized West African guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) that are generally understudied in most of their distribution. Both species are ecological generalists and are globally considered non-threatened, but populations are decreasing locally.  National conservation management lacks baseline information on local populations of primate species. <italic>C. campbelli and Chl. sabaeus<\/italic> are considered the most abundant primates out of the ten extant species and are the most frequently hunted for meat consumption. Here, we aimed to update the occurrence and estimate the country-wide mitochondrial (mtDNA) genetic diversity for both species. From 2008 to 2022, we conducted surveys in four mainland protected areas and on the islands of the Bijag\u00f3s archipelago where primates are known to occur. We identified <italic>C. campbelli<\/italic> populations outside their known distribution. We found relatively high mtDNA diversity for both species in the mainland and lower or no diversity in insular populations. Our results show significant signals of geographically induced mtDNA differentiation, particularly in <italic>C. campbelli<\/italic>, which pattern of population structure suggests female philopatry. In constrast, we found divergent <italic>Chl. sabaeus<\/italic> haplotypes at geographically close locations, suggesting female dispersal. We identified differentiated haplogroups with an estimated divergence time of 1.53 in <italic>C. campbelli<\/italic> and 1.16 Ma in <italic>Chl. sabaeus<\/italic>, possibly linked to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Our results add further evidence that Guinea-Bissau harbors high genetic diversity for primate species and the country should be prioritized for conservation in West Africa.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5372533\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T05:59:05Z","timestamp":1730699945000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving baseline information on over-looked generalists: occurrence and mitochondrial DNA diversity of Campbell\u2019s (Cercopithecus campbelli) and green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Colmonero-Costeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Organisms and Environment Division"}]},{"given":"Mamad\u00fa Lamine","family":"Djal\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aldeia de Abu, Ganogo, Guinea-Bissau"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aldeia de Angh\u00f4r, Orango, Guinea-Bissau"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa","family":"Aleixo-Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University School of Biosciences"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Gerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1329-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University School of Biosciences"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Minh\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-NOVA FCSH\/IN2PAST"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6747-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Joana Ferreira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esl039","volume-title":"Conservation and the Genetics of Populations","author":"Allendorf FW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allendorf FW, Luikart G, Aitken SN (2013) Conservation and the Genetics of Populations, 2nd edn. 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