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Initially, the biomass underwent complete characterization, revealing high contents of ash (35%), extractives (25%), and monosaccharides (41%), with glucose being predominant (21%). Lignin content was low (19%), with a monomeric composition rich in G- and H-units (3.6% and 3.4%, respectively). The biomass exhibited a low calorific value (11 MJ\/kg) and high oxygen content (62%), contrasted with low carbon values (31%) and high H\/C (14.9) and O\/C (1.9) ratios. Subsequently, biochar production was conducted at two temperatures (500 and 800\u00b0C), where a high yield was obtained at 500\u00b0C (44%). Three types of activated carbon were produced using different activation processes: physical activation with CO\n                  <sub>2<\/sub>\n                  and chemical activation with K\n                  <sub>2<\/sub>\n                  CO\n                  <sub>3<\/sub>\n                  and H\n                  <sub>3<\/sub>\n                  PO\n                  <sub>4<\/sub>\n                  . CO\n                  <sub>2<\/sub>\n                  activation yielded 34% but made almost no carbon or porosity (ABET\u2009=\u20099.4 m\u00b2\/g). K\n                  <sub>2<\/sub>\n                  CO\n                  <sub>3<\/sub>\n                  activation produced carbons with a low yield (21%) but a very high surface area (862 m\u00b2\/g), featuring micropores and mesopores. In contrast, H\n                  <sub>3<\/sub>\n                  PO\n                  <sub>4<\/sub>\n                  activation yielded 74%, resulting in primarily mesoporous material with minimal microporosity. The activated carbon produced with K\n                  <sub>2<\/sub>\n                  CO\n                  <sub>3<\/sub>\n                  demonstrated high removal efficiency for all the tested pharmaceutical compounds.\n                <\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6098941\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T04:09:00Z","timestamp":1743221340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Valorization of Water Hyacinth Biomass: Comprehensive Characterization and Production and Application of Activated Carbons"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA University of Lisbon Faculty of Science and Technology: Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA University of Lisbon Faculty of Science and Technology: Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA University of Lisbon Faculty of Science and Technology: Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gominho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.3390\/su14073931","article-title":"Alternative uses of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a sustainable perspective: A systematic literature Review","volume":"14","author":"Sierra-Carmona CG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sierra-Carmona CG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Ordu\u00f1a MG, Murrieta-Galindo R (2022) Alternative uses of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a sustainable perspective: A systematic literature Review. 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